• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2009

Purpose: In this study, the prognostic significance of the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and the height of fall in free-fall patients were investigated. Methods: The medical records of 179 victims of falls from a height who were brought alive to the Emergency Department of Gyeongsang National University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2007 were analyzed. The age, the sex of the patients, the rate of admission, the hospital stay, the site of injury, the severity of injury, the rate of surgery, the site of the fall and the presence of alcohol intoxication were evaluated by using a retrospective review of the medical records. Injury severity was measured by using the ISS. Patients were categorized into four subgroups according to the height from where they had fallen. The data were statistically analyzed with using SPSS ver. 10.0. Results: The admission rates for the subgroups with falls of less than 3 stories were significantly lower than those for the subgroups with higher heights of falls (70.7% vs. 100%, p<0.05). These two subgroups showed statistically significant differences in mean hospital stay ($17.11{\pm}24.88$ vs. $56.73{\pm}49.21$, p<0.05), rate of operation (30.6% vs. 53.8%, p<0.05), and mean ISS ($6.86{\pm}4.97$ vs. $13.96{\pm}9.14$, p<0.05). In the correlation analysis, the ISS and the mean hospital stay showed the highest correlation with correlation coefficient of 0.666. Conclusion: In this retrospective analysis of 179 free-fall patients, we evaluated the prognostic factors affecting the outcomes for the free-fall patients. The patients who had fallen from heights of 3 stories or higher showed statistically significant higher rates of admission, longer durations of hospital stay, higher ISSs, and higher operation rates. The most accurate factor in predicting the length of hospital stay was the ISS.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.218-226
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• 2015

Background: The present study aimed to analyze the index value trends of injured employed persons (IEPs) covered in Pakistan Labour Force Surveys from 2001-02 to 2012-13. Methods: The index value method based on reference years and reference groups was used to analyze the IEP trends in terms of different criteria such as gender, area, employment status, industry types, occupational groups, types of injury, injured body parts, and treatment received. The Pearson correlation coefficient analysis was also performed to investigate the inter-relationship of different occupational variables. Results: The values of IEP increased at the end of the studied year in industry divisions such as agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing, followed by in manufacturing and construction industry divisions. People associated with major occupations (such as skilled agricultural and fishery workers) and elementary (unskilled) occupations were found to be at an increasing risk of occupational injuries/diseases with an increasing IEP trend. Types of occupational injuries such as sprain or strain, superficial injury, and dislocation increased during the studied years. Major injured parts of body such as upper limb and lower limb found with increasing trend. Types of treatment received, including hospitalization and no treatment, were found to decrease. Increased IEP can be justified due to inadequate health care facilities, especially in rural areas by increased IEP in terms of gender, areas, received treatment, occupational groups and employment status as results found after Pearson correlation coefficient analysis. Conclusion: The increasing trend in the IEP% of the total employed persons due to agrarian activities shows that there is a need to improve health care setups in rural areas of Pakistan.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.423-430
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• 2008

Purpose: Computed tomography theoretically should improve detection of foreign bodies and provide more information of adjacent soft tissues. And the CT scanner and PACS program proved to be an excellent instrument for detection and localization of most facial foreign bodies above certain minimum levels of detectability. The severity of injury in penetrating trauma to the face, it is often underestimated by physical examination. Diagnosis of a retained foreign object is always critical. Methods: From March, 2005 to February 2008 a study was done with 200 patients who had facial trauma. Axial and coronal CT images were obtained with a General Electric(Milwaukee, Wis) 9800 CT scanner at 130 kV, 90 mA, with a 2-mm section thickness and a $512{\times}512$ matrix. Results: Axial and coronal CT images at various window widths should be used as the first imaging modality to detect facial foreign bodies. The attenuation coefficients for the metallic and nonmetallic foreign bodies ranged from -437 to +3071 HU. As a general rule, metallic foreign bodies produced more Hounsfield artifacts than nonmetallic foreign bodies, thus providing a clue to their composition. All of the metallic foreign bodies were represented by a single peak and had a maximum attenuation coefficient of +3071 HU. Of the nonmetallic foreign bodies, glass had an attenuation coefficient that ranged from +105 to +2039, while plastic had a much lower coefficient that ranged from -62 to -35. wood had the lowest range of attenuation coefficients: -491 to -437. Conclusion: The PACS program allows one to distinguish metallic from nonmetallic foreign bodies and to individually identify the specific composition of many nonmetallic foreign bodies. This program does not, however, allow identification of the specific composition of a metallic foreign body. We recommend this type of software program for CT scanning of any patient with an injury to the face in which a foreign body is suspected.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.180-185
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence and self care practice for nausea/vomiting in patients with cancer during chemotherapy. Method: The participants were 100 patients with cancer over 20 years of age who visited the outpatient department or were hospitalized for chemotherapy Self care in the case of nausea and vomiting was measured by the Dodd's scale. Data were analyzed using the SAS program and the following statistics were used frequency, percentage, unpaired t test, and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The ratio of the occurrence of nausea/ vomiting in the participants was 70.0%. The incidence of nausea/ vomiting was significantly higher for women than for men. The incidence of nausea/ vomiting was also higher for patients with cancer not in the gastro-intestinal system (GIS) compared to that for patients with GIS cancer. The incidence of nausea/ vomiting positively correlated with anorexia, skin injury, and fatigue. Conclusion: The ratio of occurrence of nausea/ vomiting for the participants was 70.0%. The incidence of nausea/ vomiting was higher fur women and patients with cancer not in the GIS. The incidence of nausea/ vomiting positively correlated with anorexia, skin injury, and fatigue. The results indicate that nausea/vomiting is a frequent symptom, particularly in women and there is a need to provide interventions to decrease the effects of this symptom.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.220-225
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• 2000

This paper develops a finite element model for studying occupant behavior of a mid-size truck equipped with a driver side airbag. The developed model simulates an occupant behavior using PAM-CRASH/PAM-SAFE in super computer SP2. The model is developed based on a sled test. A 50% hybrid dummy III is used for measuring head and chest accelerations and femur loads, and major injury coefficients such as HIC, CA and femur load. Inferior components such as foot rest, seat, kneebolster, crash pad, etc. are roughly modeled and defined by a rigid material model. And contact type II is used for detecting a contact with dummy. Contact type II definition uses force-deflection relationship of each body Such components as steering column which directly affect on the occupant injuy are modeled in detail and defined by an elastic-plastic material model. Airbag cushion is modeled using rivet elements. Airbag cover groove is modeled using rivet elements. Airbag tether is modeled as nonlinear bar elements. Airbag model has two vent holes to ventilating the exploded gas. Airbag is folded close to the real airbag folding procedure, and folded cautiously in order not to have initial penetration. A vehicle pulse acquired from 31mph frontal barrier test is used as input signal for the simulation. The simulation conditions are tuned to the sled test ones. The measured dummy accelerations and major injury coefficients, and filmed dummy behavior and airbag inflation process using high speed camera are compared to the simulation results to verify the developed finite element model.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2022

Purpose: We compared the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Revised Trauma Score (RTS) determined the validity of KTAS for classifying trauma patients. Methods: A retrospective chart review of 10,865 trauma patients (aged ≥15 years) who visited a single regional trauma and emergency medical center from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2020, was conducted. Data were collected from the Korean Trauma Data Bank. Based on KTAS classification, the rates of intensive care unit admission, surgery and intervention, transfusion, emergency room (ER) and hospital mortality, and ER stay time were investigated. Data were analyzed using Chi-square test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, receiver operating characteristic curve, and area under the ROC curve. Results: In the KTAS, severe trauma patients (ISS ≥16) were classified as Level 1 (79.6%), 2 (44.8%), 3 (15.5%), 4 (4.0%) and 5 (7.6%). The following were the predictive powers of KTAS, ISS, and RTS for different parameters: surgery and intervention rate, KTAS (.71), ISS (.70), and RTS (.63); transfusion rate within 4h, KTAS (.82), ISS (.82), and RTS (.74); ER stay time within 90 min, KTAS (.72), ISS (.62), and RTS (.56); and ER mortality, KTAS (.84), ISS (.72), and RTS (.88). These findings were statistically significant (p<.001). The sensitivity and specificity of KTAS for trauma patients were .88 (.87~.90), and .38 (.37~.39), respectively. Conclusion: KTAS is a useful classification system that can predict the clinical outcomes of patients with trauma, and effectively triage acutely ill trauma patients, thus provide appropriate treatment.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 2007

Vehicular safety and occupant injury have been of considerable interest to the public. The dynamic response of an articulated vehicle is different from that of single body vehicle due to its geometric and inertia properties. Articulated vehicles have the tendency to jackknife if they lose driving safety. Influence of factors for driving safety of an articulated vehicle(Tractor-Semitrailers) has been analysed by the EDVTS, a kinetic analysis program for an articulated vehicle. EDVTS permits an analyst to investigate the effect of many variables in a short period of time, and enables to obtain an accurate explanation of driving safety. The factors used in the analysis include the load, friction coefficient, tire flat, increase of braking force, and trailer geometry. Based on the results, the articulation angle and driving safety were influenced remarkably by the load, coefficient of friction, increase of braking force. However, trailer geometry, such as length and width, did not affect articulation angle and driving safety

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.209-217
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical availability of the pendulum test (through reliability and validity) using a NK table attached electrogoniometer for spasticity measurement in patients with brain lesions. METHODS: Thirty-one stroke and traumatic brain injury subjects participated in the study. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the test-retest reliability of spasticity measures of the pendulum test. Pearson's product correlation coefficient was used to examine the validity of the pendulum test through the amplitude of the deep tendon reflex (DTR) test known for objective and quantitative measure of spasticity. RESULTS: In these results, the test-retest reliability was showed significantly high correlation between pendulum tests (ICCs=.95~.97, p<.01). There were significant negative correlations between the amplitude of the DTR test and all measures of spasticity of the pendulum test(r=-.77~-.85, p<.01). CONCLUSION: Thus, it is possible to use the pendulum test using a NK table as an objective measure of spasticity, rather than other expensive equipment, which is more complicated to use. Further studies are needed to explore the therapeutic effects of spasticity using a newly designed pendulum test equipment in this study.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.73 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1986

In general, the snow injury in forestry is an unusual disaster. The degree of snow injury varies greatly depending on stand density and the local topography. This study was conducted to investigate the snow injury in analyzing the demaged by snow-fall in Jinju, Gyeongsangnamdo. The results obtained were summarized as follow; Among 466 total damaged trees, 425 trees were broken and 41 trees were uprooted, the ratio of damage were 5.22%, 2.49%, 0.92% and 0.2% for Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Pinus rigida, Alnus hirsuta respectively. The 95% of the damage trees were in the range of 3 to 11 m for height and in the range of 3 to 20 cm for D. B. H.. The directions of the damage trees had a large influence by direction of the wind, but they shown at high tendency to aspect of the slope relatively. The 82% of the damaged trees ranged from 11 to 24 age. The ratio of broken height ($H_B/H$) indicated that the damage was most frequent in the part of stem as 24%, 45%, 31% in the part of the root collar (0.1), stem (0.2-0.4), crown (0.5-1.0) respectively. In general, trees with stem-form coefficient ($H_B/D$) over 0.7-0.8 are apt to suffer by snow damage. The average of stem-form coefficient of trees in this area was 1.06. Therefore, the ratio of damage was high tendency as 3.14%. These results indicate that it is necessary to apply pertinent tending which will increase in resistance of snow damage. As avalanches from the flank of soil erosion rise in an importance matter in present, it should also be considered to measures for prevention and restoration.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.148-153
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• 2009

Purpose: The osmolar gap increases in proportion to the ethanol level. Some previous studies have shown that the correlation between the osmolar gap and the ethanol level is weak in trauma patient by using an indirect comparison with other patients. We conducted a direct comparison of the correlation of the osmolar gap to the ethanol level between trauma patients and non-trauma patients. We also analyzed the accuracy of the estimated ethanol level between the two groups. Methods: The research candidates were adult patients who had visited the emergency department of our hospital from December 2003 to November 2008. By using a retrospective chart review, we classified them into three subgroups: non-trauma without shock, trauma without shock, and trauma with shock. In each group, we compared the correlation between the osmolar gap and the measured ethanol level, and we analyzed the accuracy of the estimated ethanol level by using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Results: Four hundred forty-seven patients were enrolled in this study. For correlation of the osmolar gap and the measured ethanol level, Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.916 in all patients, 0.939 in non-trauma without shock patients, 0.917 in trauma without shock patients, and 0.844 in trauma with shock patients. In the analysis of the accuracy of the estimated ethanol level by using Lin's concordance correlation coefficient, the accuracy in trauma with shock patients was lower than that in non-trauma without shock patients. Conclusion: We found that the correlation between the osmolar gap and the measured ethanol level in the patient group with trauma was lower than it was in the patient group without trauma. Moreover trauma patients with shock had a lower accuracy of the estimated ethanol level than non-trauma patients.