• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

So far, the grouting using pressure injection has been extensively used to avoid adverse effects such as soil disturbance. Whereas, the pressure injection to the limitations of the diffusion range, so that the kinks would last injection of cement particles by introducing a frequency oscillation effect improved injection method have been recently developed. In this study, a pilot test was performed to compare injection effects of the both methods. The injections using both methods were tested on the embankment which consists of core clay and weathered soil. Subsequently, the injected volume, SPT N values, in-situ permeability and electrical resistivity were measured to compare their effects. The vibration method showed more effective permeation comparing with the pressure method. Also, it showed more homogeneously improved ground than the existing method. For SPT results, the vibration method presented increase of mean N value as much as 17.4 % comparing with the conventional method. Higher electrical resistivity was presented in case of injecting with vibration method and it indicated the injection was extensively completed. Finally, it is expected that the economic feasibility will be improved by decrease of drilling spacing, when the existing method is replaced with vibration method.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 1992

This research was conducted to investigate the interrelationship among methods of injection of PMSG-hCG to the number of ovulated eggs, percentage of matured oocytes and in vitro fertilization using out-bred ICR mice. The results obtained are as follows, 1) The optimurn dose was 5 IU for both PMSG and hCG, while the number of ovulated eggs was 42$\pm$8, percentage of M II was 73% and in vitro fertilization rate was 81 %. 2) The optimum injection interval of PMSG-hCG was 48 hours, while the number of ovulated eggs was 48 $\pm$ 8, percentage of M II was 80% and in vitro fertilization rate was 81%. 3) The optimum time for collecting eggs was between 16 and 18 hours after hCG injection, while the numbers of ovulated eggs were 44$\pm$8, 42$\pm$7 and 43$\pm$7 in 14,16 and 18 hours after hCG injection respectively, and percentages of M II were 79 and 81 %, and in vitro fertilization rates were 81 and 80% in 16 and 18 hours after hCG injection, respectively. 4) The repeat of superovulation decreased with the number of ovulated eggs, percentage of M II and in vitro fertilization rate, than in control. But it was recovered by increasing the repeat interval.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.10-13
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the efficiency of needling and injection technique without steroid for symptomatic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder. Material and Methods: We chose 12 symptomatic calcific tendinitis patients, whose ages ranged from 35 to 64. Procedure ware dry needling and injection of prolotherapic agent near the lesion. Results: All the case revealed prominent improvement without limitation of shoulder function, especially in active painful stage. Conclusion: Sonographic injection technique for calcific tendinitis would be one of the good modality not only for symptomatic relieve but also good functional recovery.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.222-228
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• 2017

Objective: To evaluate soft- and hard-tissue changes in the mandibular angle area after the administration of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection to patients with masseteric hypertrophy by using three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography (3D-CBCT). Methods: Twenty volunteers were randomly divided into two groups of 10 patients. Patients in group I received a single BoNT-A injection in both masseter muscles, while those in group II received two BoNT-A injections in each masseter muscle, with the second injection being administered 4 months after the first one. In both groups, 3D-CBCT was performed before the first injection and 6 months after the first injection. Results: Masseter muscle thicknesses and cross-sectional areas were significantly reduced in both groups, but the reductions were significantly more substantial in group II than in group I. The intergonial width of the mandibular angle area did not change significantly in either group. However, the bone volume of the mandibular gonial angle area was more significantly reduced in group II than in group I. Conclusions: The repeated administration of BoNT-A injections may induce bone volume changes in the mandibular angle area.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2020

We analyzed the drift current by charged particles according to the loading methods applied into a closed cell by electronic ink at a reflective-type display panel using an electrophoretic mechanism. For this experiment, various panels were fabricated with injection voltages for electronic ink taking values in the range -4~0 V. The size of each cell was 220 ㎛ × 220 ㎛ and height of the barrier rib was 54.28 ㎛. The electronic ink was fabricated by mixing electrically neutral fluid and single-charge white particles. Drift current was measured by moving charged particles. A biasing voltage of 6 V was applied to the display panel. As a result, the drift current was proportional to the injection voltage for electronic ink, but it decreased in case of an injection voltage above -3 V. Our experimentation ascertained that the concentration of charged particles injected into closed cells is controlled by the injection voltage and the selective injection of charged particles above movable q/m is possible.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.58-65
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• 2013

Transportation and further expansion of social infrastructure was needed along the development of urbanization and population concentration. To use the underground space due to the lack of availability of land, it is inevitable to intersect between present structure and tunnel during construction. Soil grouting is one of the ground improvement methods to reinforce weak soil around the underground structures by injection of grouting liquid. Some of central columns of an upper structure are damaged during injection of grouting liquid by injection pressure. To investigate and improve the stability of the tunnel, three dimensional analysis are performed with full construction stages which includes the construction of present underpass, damaging columns of the underpass, reinforcing the columns by H-pile and shear walls, and excavation and construct tunnel. The arrangement of grouting holes such as curtain and horizontal type affects largely to the stability of upper structure and horizontal arrangement diminish the shear forces which is the cause of damage of central columns. The liquid injection type of reinforcement for tunnel is not recommended while the presence of upper structure with columns. Wall type reinforcing is utilize for permant support of upper structures which is affected by grouting injection pressure. H-pile is utilize for temporary support, but not for permanent since the sharing of shear forces is not much to shear wall during tunnel construction.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.10.1-10.5
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in the masseter muscle using electromyography (EMG) in an animal model. Methods: Ten male adult (>3 months of age) New Zealand white rabbits were used. Muscle activity was continuously recorded from 8 hours before to 8 hours after BTX-A injection. The rabbits received unilateral BTX-A injections of either 5 units (group 1, n = 5) or 20 units (group 2, n = 5). Results: The masseter muscle activity of the rabbits was significantly reduced immediately after BTX-A injection (P < 0.05 for both groups). When the results from group 1 were compared with those from group 2, only the peak voltage was significantly decreased in group 2 (P = 0.013). Conclusion: Masseter muscle activity measured by EMG was immediately decreased after a BTX-A injection.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.98-101
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• 1996

Background: Lumbar epidural steroid injection for relief of low back pain and sciatica has become a popular procedure. further, cervical epidural steroid injection with nerve block (CESNB) is known to be effective for the management of acute and chronic pain of neck, shoulder and arm. However, many anesthesiologists are not familiar with CESNB. Methods: Charts of 34 patients who had undergone 60 cervical epidural steroid injections over a three year period, 1993 to 1995, were reviewed. We studied the followings: initial visit and department, injected interspaces, personal characteristics, indications for injection and complications. Results: Patients' first visits were mainly to orthopaedics (11 patients) and neurosurgery (10 patients). Epidural injection sites were: C7-T1 interspace (29 patients) and C6-C7 interspace (6 patients). Mean age of patients were 50.1 years. range 21~73 years. There were twenty male and fourteen female patients. Complications varied from dizziness after CESNB (1 patient). loss of consciousness with transient apnea (2 patients), and local infection with suspicious meningitis (1 patient). Conclusion: We conclude from the above data that CESNB is a good, safe and conservative form of therapeutic procedure in the management of patients suffering from cervical radiculopathy, and neck and shoulder pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.254-257
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• 2010

Background: Epidural steroid injection is an established treatment modality for intervertebral disc prolapse to radiculopathy. In cases where two levels of radiculopathy are present, two separate injections are warranted. Herein, we present our experience of management of such cases with a single epidural injection of local anaesthetic, tramadol and methylprednisolone, and table tilt for management of both radiculopathies. Methods: 50 patients of either sex aged between 35-65 years presenting with features of cervical and lumbar radiculopathic pain were included and were subjected to single lumbar epidural injection of local anaesthetic, tramadol and methylprednisolone, in the lateral position. The table was then tilted in the trendelberg position with a tilt of 25 degrees, and patients were maintained for 10 minuted before being turned supine. All patients were administered 3 such injections with an interval of 2 weeks between subsequent injections, and pain relief was assessed with a visual analogue scale. Immediate complications after the block were assessed. Results: Immediate and post procedural complications observed were nausea and vomiting (20%), painful injection site (4%), hypotension (10%) and high block (4%). Pain relief was assessed after the three injections by three grades: 37 (74%) had complete resolution of symptoms; 18% had partial relief and 8% did not benefit from the procedure. Conclusions: This technique may be used as an alternative technique for pain relief in patients with unilateral cervical and lumbar radiculopathies.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 1995

Growing international concern about environmental issues in recent years has led to new proposals for strengthening exhaust emission standards and fuel economy requirements throughout the world. The low emission vehicle(LEV) standards drawn up by the California Air Resources Board(CARB) in the U.S.A are noticeably stringent To cope with this regulation, a reduction of HC emission is the most important challenge for the automotive industry because HC emission levels are severer than any other components emission levels. In this paper, the apparatus for visulalizing the wall film flow in a intake manifold and the spark plug with optical fiber for detecting the signal from diffusion flame are developed to mal,e the HC formation mechanism clear. High speed camera system is also used to elucidate the correlation wall film flow and the diffusion flame. Using these methods, the effect of fuel injection systems such as injection direction, spray angle, atomised injection on HC emission levels is investigated. Consequently, the optimal fuel injection conditions for minimizing the wall film flow and reducing the HC emission are found through this research.