• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.155-180
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• 2006

Many applications in mechanical design involve elastic bodies coming into contact under the action of the applied load. The distribution of the contact pressure throughout the contact interface plays an important role in the performance of the contact system. In many applications, it is desirable to minimize the maximum contact pressure or to have an approximately uniform contact pressure distribution. Such requirements can be attained through a proper design of the initial surfaces of the contacting bodies. This problem involves a combination of two disciplines, contact mechanics and shape optimization. Therefore, the objective of the present paper is to develop an integrated procedure capable of evaluating the optimal shape of contacting bodies. The adaptive incremental convex programming method is adopted to solve the contact problem, while the augmented Lagrange multiplier method is used to control the shape optimization procedure. Further, to accommodate the manufacturing requirements, surface parameterization is considered. The proposed procedure is applied to a couple of problems, with different geometry and boundary conditions, to demonstrate the efficiency and versatility of the proposed procedure.

• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지진공학회 2003년도 추계 학술발표회논문집
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• pp.90-97
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to understand the dissipation pattern of excess pore pressure after liquefaction which governs the post-liquefaction behavior of liquefied sand deposits. 1-g shaking table tests were carried out on 5 different kinds of sands, all of which had high liquefaction potentials. During the tests excess pore pressure at various depths, and surface settlements were measured. The measured curve of the excess pore pressure dissipation was simulated using the solidification theory, and from the analysis of the velocity of dissipation, the dissipation pattern of excess pore pressure after liquefaction was examined. The dissipation velocity of excess pore pressure after liquefaction had a linear correlation with the effective grain size ( $D_{10}$) divided by the coefficient of uniformity ( $C_{u}$), and the increase in the initial relative density of the ground played a role in shifting this correlation curve toward an increased dissipation velocity. From the correlation, an approximate method was recommended for prediction of the dissipation curve of excess pore pressure after liquefaction in saturated sand deposits.s.s.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2006년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1165-1172
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• 2006

In this study, an aspect of settlement, developed from different ground improvement method like suction drain method using vacuum pressure and vertical drain method using overburden pressure, was compared each other. In order to analyze settlement tendency of each method exactly, the finite element analysis program was used. The analyses of vertical settlement and lateral displacement for suction drain method and vertical drain method were conducted independently during the solving stage. The initial condition of drainage zone was fixed with 25m depth and 21m width. After the program analyses, the settlement condition had a different tendency with the ground improvement method. Especially, in the results of vertical drain method, the disparity of settlement between the middle of improved zone and unimproved zone. In the case of suction drain method, however, the difference of settlement was smaller than that of vertical drain method.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1995

The present study was investigated combustion characteristics of methane-air mixtures at stratified charge in a constant volume combustion chamber. The results indicated that even the vety lean mixture, which is normally not flammable in single chamber type, could be burned within. a comparatively short time by using sub-chamber with stratified charge method. And the lean inflammability limit of mixture in a main chamber was about ($\phi_m$cr=O.46, when the equivalence ratio of a sub-chamber was $\phi_s$= 1.0. Initial time of pressure increase and total burning times were decreased and maximum combustion pressure. was increased as the equivalence ratio of both sub and main chamber approached unity. Specifically, initial time of pressure increase and total burning times were greatly affected rather by. the equivalence ratio of sub-chamber than that of main chamber. The maximum combustion pressure was little affected if the total equivalence ratio lies in the same range.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.382-395
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• 2002

An experimental study on transient critical heat flux (CHF) under flow coastdown has been performed for the water flow in a non-uniformly heated vertical annulus under low flow and a wide range of pressure conditions. The objectives of this study are to systematically investigate the effect of the flow transient on the CHF and to compare the transient CHF with steady-state CHF The transient CHF experiments have been performed for three kinds of flow transient modes based on the coastdown data of a nuclear power plant reactor coolant pump. At the same inlet subcooling, system pressure and heat flux, the effect of the initial mass flux on the critical mass flux can be negligible. However, the effect of the initial mass flux on the time-to- CHF becomes large as the heat flux decreases. The critical mass flux has the largest value for slow flow reduction rate. There is a pressure effect on the ratio of the transient CHF data to steady-state CHF data. Except under low system pressure conditions, the flow transient CHF was revealed to be conservative compared with the steady-state CHF data. Bowling CHF correlation and thermal hydraulic system code MARS show promising results for the prediction of CHF occurrence .

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권5호
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• pp.419-429
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• 2023

This study conducts numerical analyses of a thin-walled composite cylinder under axial compression and internal pressure of 10 kPa. Numerical vibration correlation technique and nonlinear postbuckling analyses are conducted using the nonlinear finite element analysis program, ABAQUS. The single perturbation load approach and measured imperfection data are used to represent the geometric initial imperfection of thin-walled composite cylinder. The buckling knockdown factors are derived using present initial imperfection and analysis methods under axial compression without and with the internal pressure. Furthermore, the buckling knockdown factors are compared with the buckling test and computation time are calculated. In this study, derived buckling knockdown factors in present study have difference within 10% as compared with the buckling test. It is shown that nonlinear postbuckling analysis can derive relatively accurate buckling knockdown factor of present thin-walled cylinders, however, numerical vibration correlation technique derives reasonable buckling knockdown factors compared with buckling test. Therefore, this study shows that numerical vibration correlation technique can also be considered as an effective numerical method with 21~91% reduced computation time than nonlinear postbuckling analysis for the derivation of buckling knockdown factors of present composite cylinders.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1165-1173
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• 2001

This paper deals with dynamic analysis of Pipeline Inspection Gauge (PIG) flow control in natural gas pipelines. The dynamic behaviour of PIG depends on the pressure differential generated by injected gas flow behind the tail of the PIG and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. To analyze dynamic behaviour characteristics (e.g. gas flow, the PIG position and velocity) mathematical models are derived. Tow types of nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations are developed for unsteady flow analysis of the PIG driving and expelled gas. Also, a non-homogeneous differential equation for dynamic analysis of the PIG is given. The nonlinear equations are solved by method of characteristics (MOC) with a regular rectangular grid under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. Runge-Kutta method is used for solving the steady flow equations to get the initial flow values and for solving the dynamic equation of the PIG. The upstream and downstream regions are divided into a number of elements of equal length. The sampling time and distance are chosen under Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) restriction. Simulation is performed with a pipeline segment in the Korea gas corporation (KOGAS) low pressure system. Ueijungboo-Sangye line. The simulation results show that the derived mathematical models and the proposed computational scheme are effective for estimating the position and velocity of the PIG with a given operational condition of pipeline.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 제어로봇시스템학회 2000년도 제15차 학술회의논문집
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• pp.448-448
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• 2000

This paper deals with dynamic behaviour analysis for pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) flow control in natural gas pipeline. The dynamic behaviour of the PIG is depending on the different Pressure between the rear and nose parts, which is generated by injected gas flow behind PIG's tail and expelled gas flow in front of its nose. To analyze the dynamic behaviour characteristics such as gas flow in pipeline, and the PIG's position and velocity, mathematical model is derived as two types of a nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equation for unsteady flow analysis of the PIG driving and expelled gas, and nonhomogeneous differential equation for dynamic analysis of PIG. The nonlinear equation is solved by method of characteristics (MOC) with the regular rectangular grid under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The Runge-Kuta method is used when we solve the steady flow equations to get initial flow values and the dynamic equation of PIG. The gas upstream and downstream of PIG are divided into a number of elements of equal length. The sampling time and distance are chosen under Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) restriction. The simulation is performed with a pipeline segment in the Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) low pressure system, Ueijungboo-Sangye line. The simulation results show us that the derived mathematical model and the proposed computational scheme are effective for estimating the position and velocity of PIG with different operational conditions of pipeline.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1302-1310
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• 2001

This paper introduces modeling and simulation results for pipeline inspection gauge (PIG) with bypass flow control in natural gas pipeline. The dynamic behaviour of the PIG depends on the different pressure across its body and the bypass flow through it. The system dynamics includes: dynamics of driving gas flow behind the PIG, dynamics of expelled gas in front of the PIG, dynamics of bypass flow, and dynamics of the PIG. The bypass flow across the PIG is treated as incompressible flow with the assumption of its Mach number smaller than 0.45. The governing nonlinear hyperbolic partial differential equations for unsteady gas flows are solved by method of characteristics (MOC) with the regular rectangular grid under appropriate initial and boundary conditions. The Runge-Kuta method is used for solving the steady flow equations to get initial flow values and the dynamic equation of the PIG. The sampling time and distance are chosen under Courant-Friedrich-Lewy (CFL) restriction. The simulation is performed with a pipeline segment in the Korea Gas Corporation (KOGAS) low pressure system, Ueijungboo-Sangye line. Simulation results show us that the derived mathematical model and the proposed computational scheme are effective for estimating the position and velocity of the PIG with bypass flow under given operational conditions of pipeline.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.3-7
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• 2020

High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a relatively safe and effective noninvasive ventilation method that was recently accepted as a treatment option for acute respiratory support before endotracheal intubation or invasive ventilation. The action mechanism of HFNC includes a decrease in nasopharyngeal resistance, washout of dead space, reduction in inflow of ambient air, and an increase in airway pressure. In preterm infants, HFNC can be used to prevent reintubation and initial noninvasive respiratory support after birth. In children, flow level adjustments are crucial considering their maximal efficacy and complications. Randomized controlled studies suggest that HFNC can be used in cases of moderate to severe bronchiolitis upon initial low-flow oxygen failure. HFNC can also reduce intubation and mechanical ventilation in children with respiratory failure. Several observational studies have shown that HFNC can be beneficial in acute asthma and other respiratory distress. Multicenter randomized studies are warranted to determine the feasibility and adherence of HFNC and continuous positive airway pressure in pediatric intensive care units. The development of clinical guidelines for HFNC, including flow settings, indications, and contraindications, device management, efficacy identification, and safety issues are needed, particularly in children.