• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.40 no.5
• /
• pp.265-270
• /
• 2016

Extreme tropospheric anomalies such as typhoons or regional torrential rain can degrade positioning accuracy of the GPS signal. It becomes one of the main error terms affecting high-precision positioning solutions in network RTK. This paper proposed a detection algorithm to be used during atmospheric anomalies in order to detect the tropospheric irregularities that can degrade the quality of correction data due to network errors caused by inhomogeneous atmospheric conditions between multi-reference stations. It uses an atmospheric grid that consists of four meteorological stations and estimates the troposphere zenith total delay difference at a low performance point in an atmospheric grid. AWS (automatic weather station) meteorological data can be applied to the proposed tropospheric anomaly detection algorithm when there are different atmospheric conditions between the stations. The concept of probability density distribution of the delta troposphere slant delay was proposed for the threshold determination.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2002.08a
• /
• pp.353-356
• /
• 2002

Planar laser induced fluorescence(PLIF) has been widely used to obtain two dimensional fuel distribution. Preliminary investigation was performed to measure quantitative air excess ratio distribution in an engine fueled with LPG. It is known that fluorescence signal from acetone as a fluorescent tracer is less sensitive to oxygen quenching than other dopants. Acetone was excited by KrF excimer laser (248nm) and its fluorescence image was acquired by ICCD camera with a cut-of filter to suppress Mie scattering from the laser light. For the purpose of quantifying PLIF signal, an image processing method including the correction of laser sheet beam profile was suggested. Raw images were divided by each intensity of laser energy and profile of laser sheet beam. Inhomogeneous fluorescence images scaled with the reference data, which was taken by a calibration process, were converted to air excess ratio distribution. This investigation showed instantaneous quantitative measurement of planar air excess ratio distribution for gaseous fuel.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.66 no.3
• /
• pp.369-377
• /
• 2018

In this article, buckling and free vibration of functionally graded (FG) nanobeams resting on elastic foundation are investigated by developing various higher order beam theories which capture shear deformation influences through the thickness of the beam without the need for shear correction factors. The elastic foundation is modeled as linear Winkler springs as well as Pasternak shear layer. The material properties of FG nanobeam are supposed to change gradually along the thickness through the Mori-Tanaka model. The small scale effect is taken into consideration based on nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen. From Hamilton's principle, the nonlocal governing equations of motion are derived and then solved applying analytical solution. To verify the validity of the developed theories, the results of the present work are compared with those available in literature. The effects of shear deformation, elastic foundation, gradient index, nonlocal parameter and slenderness ratio on the buckling and free vibration behavior of FG nanobeams are studied.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2001

Purpose : The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tissue inhomogeneities when appling to contrast medium among Homogeneous, Batho and ETAR dose calculation method in RTP system. Method and Material : We made customized heterogeneous phantom it filled with water or contrast medium slab. Phantom scan data have taken PQ 5000 (CT scanner, Marconi, USA) and then dose was calculated in 3D RTP (AcQ-Plan, Marconi, USA) depends on dose calculation algorithm (Homogeneous, Batho, ETAR). The dose comparisons were described in terms of 2D isodose distribution, percent depth dose data, effective path length and monitor unit. Also dose distributions were calculated with homogeneous and inhomogeneous correction algorithm, Batho and ETAR, in each patients with different clinical sites. Results : Result indicated that Batho and ETAR method gave rise to percent depth dose deviation $1.5{\sim}2.7\%,\;2.3{\sim}3.5\%$ (6MV, field size $10{\times}10cm^2$) in each status with and without contrast medium. Also show that effective path lengths were more increase in contrast status (23.14 cm) than Non-contrast (22.07 cm) about $4.9\%$ or 10.7 mm (In case Hounsfield Unit 270) and these results were similary showned in each patient with different clinical site that was lung. prostate, liver and brain region. Concliusion : In conclusion we shown that the use of inhomogeneity correction algorithm for dose calculation in status of injected contrast medium can not represent exact dose at GTV region. These results mean that patients will be more irradiated photon beam during radiation therapy.

• Progress in Medical Physics
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.207-217
• /
• 2017

For effective patient treatment in proton therapy, it is therefore important to accurately measure the beam range. For measuring beam range, various researchers determine the beam range by measuring the prompt gammas generated during nuclear reactions of protons with materials. However, the accuracy of the beam range determination can be lowered in heterogeneous phantoms, because of the differences with respect to the prompt gamma production depending on the properties of the material. In this research, to improve the beam range determination in a heterogeneous phantom, we derived a formula to correct the prompt-gamma distribution using the ratio of the prompt gamma production, stopping power, and density obtained for each material. Then, the prompt-gamma distributions were acquired by a multi-slit prompt-gamma camera on various kinds of heterogeneous phantoms using a Geant4 Monte Carlo simulation, and the deduced formula was applied to the prompt-gamma distributions. For the case involving the phantom having bone-equivalent material in the soft tissue-equivalent material, it was confirmed that compared to the actual range, the determined ranges were relatively accurate both before and after correction. In the case of a phantom having the lung-equivalent material in the soft tissue-equivalent material, although the maximum error before correction was 18.7 mm, the difference was very large. However, when the correction method was applied, the accuracy was significantly improved by a maximum error of 4.1 mm. Moreover, for a phantom that was constructed based on CT data, after applying the calibration method, the beam range could be generally determined within an error of 2.5 mm. Simulation results confirmed the potential to determine the beam range with high accuracy in heterogeneous phantoms by applying the proposed correction method. In future, these methods will be verified by performing experiments using a therapeutic proton beam.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.229-249
• /
• 2016

In this paper, buckling characteristics of nonhomogeneous functionally graded (FG) nanobeams embedded on elastic foundations are investigated based on third order shear deformation (Reddy) without using shear correction factors. Third-order shear deformation beam theory accounts for shear deformation effects by a parabolic variation of all displacements through the thickness, and verifies the stress-free boundary conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the FG nanobeam. A two parameters elastic foundation including the linear Winkler springs along with the Pasternak shear layer is in contact with beam in deformation, which acts in tension as well as in compression. The material properties of FG nanobeam are supposed to vary gradually along the thickness and are estimated through the power-law and Mori-Tanaka models. The small scale effect is taken into consideration based on nonlocal elasticity theory of Eringen. Nonlocal equations of motion are derived through Hamilton's principle and they are solved applying analytical solution. Comparison between results of the present work and those available in literature shows the accuracy of this method. The obtained results are presented for the buckling analysis of the FG nanobeams such as the effects of foundation parameters, gradient index, nonlocal parameter and slenderness ratio in detail.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.74-82
• /
• 2004

Planar laser-induced fluorescence(PLIF) has been widely used to obtain two dimensional fuel distribution. Acetone PLIF is chosen because fluorescence signal from acetone as a fluorescent tracer is less sensitive to oxygen quenching than other dopants. Acetone PLIF is applied to measure quantitative air excess ratio distribution in an engine fueled with LPG. Acetone is excited by KrF excimer laser (248nm) and its fluorescence image is acquired by ICCD camera with a cut-off filter to suppress Mie scattering from the laser light. For the purpose of quantifying PLIF signal, an image processing method including the correction of laser sheet beam profile is suggested. Raw images are divided by each intensity of laser energy and profile of laser sheet beam. Inhomogeneous fluorescence images scaled with the reference data, which is taken by a calibration process, are converted to air excess ratio distribution. This investigation shows instantaneous quantitative measurement of planar air excess ratio distribution for gaseous fuel.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.259-265
• /
• 1995

Antireflection coatings on optical lenses commertially available in domestic market are optically analyzed. Transmission spectra and reflection spectra are collected using spectrophotometers. The apparent absorption spectra around the absorption band edge are dominated by the substrate absorption. The reflection spectra and the apparent absorption spectra at visible region between 400nm and 700nm show very strong correlation to each other except a couple samples. The discrepency observed in the latters are due to an increased absorption in visible region by the substrate, which is negative effect of these samples. An antireflection coating consisted of $SiO_2/TiO_2/SiO_2/ZrO_2/Cr$ is made on c-Si substrate for spectroscopic ellispometry analysis. A film-by-film coating is accomplished and between each film deposition, ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements are made. The analysis of the spectroscopic ellipsometry data reveals that the average film densities of $ZrO_2$ and $TiO_2$ reach only 80% of their respective packing densities and thick films are inhomogeneous along film growth direction. Discussions are made toward in-situ, real-time monitoring of the film growth so that a real-time feedback is possible to achieve a post-correction to minor deviations occured in the previous step. step.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.331-343
• /
• 2020

In this paper, based on the CPT, motion equations for a sandwich plate containing a core and two integrated face-sheets have derived. The structure rests on the Visco-Pasternak foundation, which includes normal and shear modules. The piezo-magnetic core is made of CoFe₂O₄ and also is subjected to 3D magnetic potential. Two face sheets at top and bottom of the core are under electrical fields. Also, in order to obtain more accuracy, the effect of flexoelectricity has took into account at face sheets' relations in this work. Flexoelectricity is a property of all insulators whereby they polarize when subject to an inhomogeneous deformation. This property plays a crucial role in small-scale rather than macro scale. Employing CPT, Hamilton's principle, flexoelectricity considerations, the governing equations are derived and then solved analytically. By present work a detailed numerical study is obtained based on Piezoelectricity, Flexoelectricity and modified couple stress theories to indicate the significant effect of length scale parameter, shear correction factor, aspect and thickness ratios and boundary conditions on natural frequency of sandwich plates. Also, the figures show that there is an excellent agreement between present study and previous researches. These finding can be used for automotive industries, aircrafts, marine vessels and building industries.

• Advances in concrete construction
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.169-183
• /
• 2022

In this article, vibrational behavior and wave propagation characteristics in (FG) functionally graded plates resting on Kerr foundation with three parameters is studied using a 2D dimensional (HSDT) higher shear deformation theory. The new 2D higher shear deformation theory has only four variables in field's displacement, which means has few numbers of unknowns compared with others theories. The shape function used in this theory satisfies the nullity conditions of the shear stresses on the two surfaces of the FG plate without using shear correction factors. The FG plates are considered to rest on the Kerr layer, which is interconnected with a Pasternak-Kerr shear layer. The FG plate is materially inhomogeneous. The material properties are supposed to vary smoothly according to the thickness of the plate by a Voigt's power mixing law of the volume fraction. The equations of motion due to the dynamics of the plate resting on a three-parameter foundation are derived using the principle of minimization of energies; which are then solved analytically by the Navier technique to find the vibratory characteristics of a simply supported plate, and the wave propagation results are derived by using the dispersion relations. Perceivable numerical results are fulfilled to evaluate the vibratory and the wave propagation characteristics in functionally graded plates and some parameters such wave number, thickness ratio, power index and foundation parameters are discussed in detail.