• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.84 no.3
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• pp.226-236
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• 2021

Background: Although the Quidel Sofia rapid influenza fluorescent immunoassay (FIA) is widely used to identify influenza A and B, the diagnostic accuracy of this test remains unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of this test compared to reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and a hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic curve (HSROC) of this test for identifying influenza A and B were determined using meta-analysis. A sensitivity subgroup analysis was performed to identify potential sources of heterogeneity within selected studies. Results: We identified 17 studies involving 8,334 patients. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and DOR of the Quidel Sofia rapid influenza FIA for identifying influenza A were 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.71-0.83), 0.99 (95% CI, 0.98-0.99), and 251.26 (95% CI, 139.39-452.89), respectively. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, and DOR of this test for identifying influenza B were 0.72 (95% CI, 0.60-0.82), 0.98 (95% CI, 0.96-0.99), and 140.20 (95% CI, 55.92-351.54), respectively. The area under the HSROC for this test for identifying influenza A was similar to that for identifying influenza B. Age was considered a probable source of heterogeneity. Conclusion: Pooled sensitivities of the Quidel Sofia rapid influenza FIA for identifying influenza A and B did not quite meet the target level (≥80%). Thus, caution is needed when interpreting data of this study due to substantial betweenstudy heterogeneity.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2010

The clinical picture in severe cases of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza is markedly different from the disease pattern seen during the epidemics of seasonal influenza as many of those affected were previously healthy young people. Current predictions estimate that during a pandemic wave, 12~30% of the population will develop clinical influenza (compared with 5~15% for seasonal influenza) with 4% of those patients requiring hospital admissions and one in five requiring critical care. Until July 6, 94,512 people have been infected in 122 countries, of whom 429 have died with an overall case-fatality rate of <0.5%. Most of the confirmed cases of S-OIV (Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus) infection have been characterized by a self-limited, uncomplicated febrile respiratory illness and 38% of the cases have also included vomiting or diarrhea. Efforts to control these outbreaks are based on our understanding of novel S-OIV (Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus) and the previous influenza pandemics. So, this review covers the experience with S-OIV (Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus) for the admission and background data and the clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of H1N1 in pediatric patient with S-OIV (Swine-Origin Influenza A Virus) at YUMC, 2009.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.104-110
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng (RG), which is a ginseng treated by heating and steaming, has biological activity similar to Panax ginseng. The effect of ginseng on influenza infection has not been studied although it is known to have a broad range of biological activities. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of RG extract on influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. We investigated the inhibitory effect of RG extract on plaque formation by influenza A virus in a cell-based plaque assay, and the effect of orally administered RG on influenza A virus infection in mice. RG extract, which was applied at a non-cytotoxic concentration, inhibited plaque formation by influenza A virus in the cell-based plaque assay. The orally administered RG extract ameliorated body weight loss and significantly increased survival in mice infected with influenza A virus. Our results suggest that RG extract has components that reduce the severity of infection by influenza A virus and could potentially be used as a complement to treatment of influenza A virus infections.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.8
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• pp.1184-1192
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• 2019

The influenza A virus is a highly infectious respiratory pathogen that sickens many people with respiratory disease annually. To prevent outbreaks of this viral infection, an understanding of the characteristics of virus-host interaction and development of an anti-viral agent is urgently needed. The influenza A virus can infect mammalian species including humans, pigs, horses and seals. Furthermore, this virus can switch hosts and form a novel lineage. This so-called zoonotic infection provides an opportunity for virus adaptation to the new host and leads to pandemics. Most influenza A viruses express proteins that antagonize the antiviral defense of the host cell. The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of the influenza A virus is the most important viral regulatory factor controlling cellular processes to modulate host cell gene expression and double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated antiviral response. This review focuses on the influenza A virus NS1 protein and outlines current issues including the life cycle of the influenza A virus, structural characterization of the influenza A virus NS1, interaction between NS1 and host immune response factor, and design of inhibitors resistant to the influenza A virus.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.127-138
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• 2002

Objective: This prospective survey assessed factors associated with influenza vaccination behaviors among high-risk adults. Methods: 106 patients aged 65 or high risk for complications of influenza were interviewed to identify influencing factors to vaccination. Six potential consequences of Influenza infection and nine factors of vaccination were analysed between compliance and non-compliance groups. Results: Among the 106 patients, the vaccination rate was 62.3%. The rate of the group under the sixties was 37.0010, but the rate over the sixties was 88.5%. Factors in dependently associated with both influenza vaccination behaviors included older age, chronic disease, and especially, related to factors in older age were having positive attitudes toward immunization, perceived severity of infection and willingness to comply with the provider's recommendation. Conclusions: Emphasis on provider recommendations and the knowledge and attitudes of influenza infection and vaccination may enhance influenza vaccination rates in the organized vaccination programs.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2023

Descurainia sophia seeds methanol extract showed significant anti-influenza activity and we tried to isolate anti-influenza compounds from the D. sophia extract. D. sophia seeds were extracted with 80% methanol and fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, CHCl₃ and n-butanol. The anti-influenza activity of each fraction was assessed using sulforhodamine B (SRB) method in A549 cells, human-derived lung cancer cells. The ethyl acetate and CHCl₃ fractions showed the most potent anti-influenza activity. Seven compounds were isolated from CHCl₃ fraction and identified 1-decanol (1), 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutoxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol (2), daucosterol (3), isorhamnetin (4), quercetin (5), sinapic acid (6), and helveticoside (7) by spectroscopic data such as UV, IR, ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and mass spectroscopy. Anti-influenza activities of isolated compounds were evaluated using SRB method in A549 cells. Compounds 3, 4 and 7 had significant anti-influenza activity in a dose-dependent manner.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2020

Purpose: To compare differences and changes in the parents' awareness regarding influenza and influenza vaccination for their children according to educational intervention. Methods: This study involved 1,034 parents with children aged 6-59 months, who lived in five areas in northern Seoul and Gyeonggi Province in 2015; the study was conducted using the questionnaire survey method. Survey items included awareness regarding influenza and influenza vaccination for children and future intentions of influenza vaccination and the underlying reasons. The participants were divided into 3 groups and differences according to education (group A: no education, group B: provided education) and the changes before and after education (group C) were analyzed. Results: Differences according to education between groups A and B were seen in the recognition of high-risk of influenza in their children, effectiveness of influenza vaccination, and cost of the influenza vaccine. Changes before and after education in group C were seen in the recognition of high-risk of influenza in their children, safety of influenza vaccination, cost of the influenza vaccine, and negativity toward the influenza vaccine. Conclusions: Educated parents were more aware regarding influenza and influenza vaccination for their children aged 6-59 months.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.171-179
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• 2020

Purpose: In Korea, seasonal influenza is an important respiratory illness afflicting children every year. We aimed to investigate the childhood epidemiology in Jeju during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons. Methods: Children aged <13 years, who were tested for influenza at the Jeju National University Hospital during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 influenza seasons, were included. Demographics and the influenza test results were retrospectively reviewed from their medical records. Results: This study included 5,219 cases of influenza-like illness (ILI) (2017-2018: n=2,279; 2018-2019: n=2,940). The mean age of the eligible children was 2.85±2.79 years, and the most common age among ILI patients in each season was 1 year group. There were 902 (17.3%, 902/5,219) confirmed influenza cases during the 2 seasons. The rate of influenza confirmed by rapid influenza diagnostic test or polymerase chain reaction among ILI patients in the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons was 10.4% (236/2,279) and 10.3% (303/2,940) for influenza A, and 9.1% (208/2,279) and 5.3% (155/2,940) for influenza B, respectively. The mean age of influenza-confirmed cases was 4.09 years and 5.05 years in the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons, respectively (P<0.05). Weekly distribution of influenza was similar to that of ILI in the clinical sentinel surveillance system in both seasons. Conclusion: The difference in the influenza epidemic trend and age-group distribution between the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 seasons was distinct in Jeju. Steady epidemiological studies on influenza in Jeju are needed for comparison with other regions of Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.392-400
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• 2017

Background: Most patients with influenza recover spontaneously or following treatment with an anti-viral agent, but some patients experience pneumonia requiring hospitalization. We conducted a retrospective review to determine the incidence and risk factors of pneumonia in hospitalized patients with influenza A or B. Methods: A total of 213 patients aged 18 years or older and hospitalized with influenza between January 2012 and January 2015 were included in this study. A reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect the influenza A or B virus in the patients' sputum samples. We collected demographic and laboratory data, combined coexisting diseases, and radiologic findings. Results: The incidence of pneumonia was higher in patients in the influenza A group compared to those in the influenza B group (68.6% vs. 56.9%), but this difference was not statistically significant. The presence of underlying respiratory disease was significantly associated with pneumonia in the influenza A group (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.975; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.312-12.043; p=0.015). In the influenza B group, the white blood cell count (adjusted OR, 1.413; 95% CI, 1.053-1.896; p=0.021), platelet count (adjusted OR, 0.988; 95% CI, 0.978-0.999; p=0.027), and existence of an underlying medical disease (adjusted OR, 15.858; 95% CI, 1.757-143.088; p=0.014) were all significantly associated with pneumonia in multivariate analyses. Conclusion: The incidence of pneumonia was 65.7% in hospitalized patients with influenza A or B. The risk factors of pneumonia differed in hospitalized patients with influenza A or B.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.165-175
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• 2013

Purpose: There was a global increase in the prevalence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses during the 2007-2008 influenza season. This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence and characteristics of oseltamivir-resistant influenza viruses during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 influenza seasons among patients who were treated with oseltamivir (group A) and those that did not receive oseltamivir (group B). Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 321 pediatric patients who were hospitalized because of influenza during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 influenza seasons. Drug resistance tests were conducted on influenza viruses isolated from 91 patients. Results: There was no significant difference between the clinical characteristics of groups A and B during both seasons. Influenza A/H1N1, isolated from both groups A and B during the 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 periods, was not resistant to zanamivir. However, phenotypic analysis of the virus revealed a high oseltamivir $IC_{50}$ range and that H275Y substitution of the neuraminidase (NA) gene and partial variation of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene did not affect its antigenicity to the HA vaccine even though group A had a shorter hospitalization duration and fewer lower respiratory tract complications than group B. In addition, there was no significant difference in the clinical manifestations between oseltamivir-susceptible and oseltamivir-resistant strains of influenza A/H1N1. Conclusion: Establishment of guidelines to efficiently treat influenza with oseltamivir, a commonly used drug for treating influenza in Korean pediatric patients, and a treatment strategy with a new therapeutic agent is required.