Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
/
v.19
no.E1
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pp.29-39
/
2003
The 10-day interval basis measurements of precipitation samples at Yangyang, the rural and coastal area on the eastern coast of the Korea peninsula were accomplished for understanding the precipitation chemistry and the temporal variations of major ions September 1991 to February 1997. The precipitation was slightly acidic, and 37% of the samples in winter were pH less than 4.5. The concentrations of cations were found on the order $Na^+\;>\;{NH_4}^+\;>\;Ca^{2+}\;>\;Mg^{2+}\;>\;K^+$ and those of anions followed the pattern $Cl^-\;>\;{SO_4}^{2-}\;>\;{NO_3}^-$. Neglecting sea salt components, the major ions controlling precipitation chemistry were nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ in anion and ${NH_4}^+$ and nss-$Ca^{2+}$ in cation. Concentrations of these ions were lower than those measured at urban sites in Korea, but were higher than those measured in Japan. Most of nss-${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ were neutralized by ammonia and calcium species, especially alkaline soil particles in spring and ammonia gas in other seasons. Considering also the annual value of [nss -${SO_4}^{2-}$]/[${NO_3}^-$] ratio of 2.62 and the neutralizing factors, ammonium sulphate compounds were dominant. Annual mean concentrations of these ions showed relatively small fluctuations, while larger seasonal variations were observed with higher levels in spring and winter. Precipitation amount, influence extent of acidic gases and alkaline particles long-range transported from China continent, and energy consumption pattern in each season might be able to explain this seasonal trend.sonal trend.
Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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v.55
no.5
/
pp.17-23
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2013
Six-valent chromium ($Cr^{6+}$) is a highly toxic pollutant, supplied in a variety of industrial activities such as leather tanning, cooling tower blowdown, and plating. Herein, we investigated the removal of $Cr^{6+}$ from aqueous phase using low-cost adsorbents. Steel slag, montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, red mud, and acid treated red mud with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 M HCl were used as adsorbent for the removal of $Cr^{6+}$ and the results showed that acid treated red mud with 2.0 M HCl (ATRM-2.0 M) had higher adsorption capacity of $Cr^{6+}$ than other adsorbents used. Accordingly, $Cr^{6+}$ removal by ATRM-2.0 M were studied in a batch system with respect to changes in initial concentration of $Cr^{6+}$, initial solution pH, adsorbent dose, adsorbent mixture, and seawater. Equilibrium sorption data were described well by Freundlich isotherm model. The influence of initial solution pH on $Cr^{6+}$ adsorption was insignificant. The use of the ATRM-2.0 M alone was more effective than mixing it with other adsorbents including red mud, zeolite, oyster shell, lime stone, and montmorillonite for the removal of $Cr^{6+}$. The $Cr^{6+}$ removal of the ATRM-2.0 M was slightly less in seawater than deionized water, resulting from the presence of anions in seawater competing for the favorable adsorption site on the surface of ATRM-2.0 M. It was concluded that the ATRM-2.0 M can be used as a potential adsorbent for the removal of $Cr^{6+}$ from the aqueous solutions.
The water quality at Mankyeong River was surveyed 13 sites of main stream for 6 months from April to September in 1995 and 1997. The monthly average value of $NH_4-N$, $SO_4^{2-}$ and $Cl^-$ showed the highest peak in April while that of $NO_3-N$ showed the highest peak in August. The monthly average value of COD showed the highest peak in September at high temperature season. Concentrations of $NH_4-N$ and $SO_4^{2-}$ in Mankyeong River stream exceeded the standard water quality criteria in many sites. The water quality of Mankyeong River stream was not suitable for the irrigation source excepted the sites such as Hari, Gosan stream and Soyang stream. The floodgate of Mokcheon, Yocheon, Jeonju and Samcheon stream were rapidly polluted by the sewage of city, otherwise the Iksan stream was rapidly polluted by the sewage of swine. The sum of ionic concentrations in Mankyeong River stream was the highest at floodgate of Yocheon by influence of the sewage from city and industry. The order of the major anions and cations concentration in Mankyeong River stream were $SO_4^{2-}$ > $Cl^-$ > $NO_3-N$ > $SO_4^{3-}$ and $Na^+$ > $Ca^{2+}$ > $NH_4^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$ > $K^+$, respectively.
Selenium is one of the interesting elements in human body, because it's important micro-nutrient for human health as the essential biological tissue in protein. Selenite ($SeO_3^{2-}$) and selenate ($SeO_4^{2-}$) are the dominant dissolved selenium species in natural water, and their toxicity and chemical properties are very different each other. Thus it is necessary to separate the two selenium species for understanding selenium behaviors in natural waters. Some reported methods, using an alumina-filled column and an ion chromatography, to separate the selenite and selenite may be difficult to directly apply to the natural water. Therefore magnetite selectively adsorbs selenite and selenate according to pH of solution, the separation of selenite and selenate using a magnetite-filled column was successfully obtained at weak alkali solutions. Moreover, the influence of dissolved anions in natural water at the selenite sorption onto magnetite was also investigated because they could hinder the sorption of selenite onto magnetite. In other to directly apply to the natural water, reactive sites of magnetite should be considered because dissolved silicate in natural water can hinder the adsorption of selenite onto magnetite.
These days, beds have been developed not as furniture to sleep in but Healthcare Furniture. The function of heating, non-electronic-waves and far-infrared rays have been added. Also, eco-friendly materials such as stone, mud, rubber and wood are combined to them together with the radiation-heating method using heat conduction through electronic coil and hot water circulation. Modern people suffer from stress and fatigue. The hot issue is "health." Focused on the health, the development of design for beds considering the influence electronic waves, anions, deep sleep and the density of toxic materials have on human bodies has become urgent. In this study, the trend, specification and efficiency of the functional health-related electronic coil technology are analyzed. Through the analysis, the environmental standards are set. According to them, technology, eco-friendly materials and additional functions for the development of the design are considered. Also, the government is promoting the IEC international standardization for the Korean traditional floor heating style beds. In preparation for that, we adopted new HPT method technology. It enables non-electronic-waves, low electricity and stable temperature maintenance control for the warm top and the cool bottom. Also, the head boards and the frames of the beds can be separated. Through this separation, the beds can be easily moved or installed. Eco-friendly materials such as Hinoki cypress wood and red clay and the existing tables function are combined to the head boards so they can be used as drawers and display shelves. If they are used as separate items, they can be used as covers. This is how we suggest the design for the heating beds.
This study was objected to identify the temporal and spatial variations oi groundwater quality and contamination using monthly groundwater monitoring data collected from 30 wells in Daejung watershed, Jeju Island. Water samples were analyzed for major cations. anions, and environmental isotopes including $^{18}0-H_2$O,$^{2}H-H_2$O and$^{15}$ N-NO$_3$The groundwater represented mostly Na(Mg)-HCO$_3$ type, with local change toward Ca-HCO$_3$ type and Na-Cl type. Groundwater quality depends upon various factors such as the local groundwater flowpaths, input of surface contaminants with recharge events, and sea-water intrusion along the coastal area. Nitrate contamination changed temporally according to recharge events and spatially. $\delta$$^{18}$ O-$\delta$$_2$H data for monthly sampled groundwaters showed distinctive clusters, implying that groundwater was originated from independent precipitation, and subsequently recharged very fash. Using$\delta$$^{15}$ N-NO$_3$ data, major sources of nitrate and its areas of influence could be identified. The areas under influence of livestock farms showed relatively high NO$_3$-N concentrations and$\delta$$^{15}$ N values higher than 5$\textperthousand$. The agricultural areas in southeastern part showed very high concentrations of NO$_3$-N with the $\delta$$^{15}$ N values of lower than 5$\textperthousand$.
This study was conducted to investigate influences of solifluction and sediment runoff on the stream water qualities during the spring season. The study sites were four points in the northeastern area of the Bukhansan National Park. And, field surveys were carried out in the spring of 1999, 2000 and 2001. The results of this study were summarized as follows; During the investigation period, the amounts of sediment caused by solifluction on stream side slopes in the downstream were 1.3~1.7 times as large as those in the upstream. The pH of sediment caused by solifluction was a potential influence on the pH of stream water. Amounts of dissolved $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in stream water were proportion to the average amounts of $Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ in the sediment caused by solifluction. In the spring, the average pH of stream water was lower than the first class of the river water quality standard because of increasing chemical concentration as well as the contents of anions($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$) in the spring season. Also, the average electrical conductivity of water in downstream was about 2.3-3.3 times higher than that in upstream. The amounts of anions($Cl^-$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$) of water in downstream were about 1.2~7.4, 1.1~3.9, 1.1~1.4 times higher than those in upstream, respectively. Therefore, these results showed that the water quality of downstream was worse than that of upstream. As a result of regression analyses, the linear and exponential equation of pH and water quantity was pH = 1.7926 ${\times}$ stream water quantity + 5.9577($R^2=0.46$), and those of electrical conductivity and water quantity was $EC=34.417e^{3.6334{\times}\text{stream water quantity}(m^3/sec)}$ ($R^2=0.44$).
In a field trial, the influence was studied by measurement of growth and leaf yields and chemical composition (in organic cations and anions and total nitrogen) with two nitrogen dressings (lower nitrogen treatment 25kg and higher nitrogen treatment 75kg urea/10a as the summer fertilizer) after the summer cutting. The results were as follows; 1. With increasingn nitrogen dressing, branch length and weight were enchanced. The fresh weight of leaves was higher to be 273.6kg/10a in the higher nitrogen treatment than in the lower nitrogen treatment on 20 September. 2. The moisture content of leaves lasted above 73% until on 30 August. Afterward it decreased sharply upto 63% on 20 September. In higher nitrogen treatment it was higher about 0.1∼1.8% than in lower nitrogen treatment. The increasing nitrogen dressings combined with leaf condition led to be soft until on 10 October. 3. Dry matter weight of leaves started decreasing around on 10 September, whereas that of branches increased until around 30 September indicating that the dry matter moved to branch and root from leaves. 4. The increase in Ca$\^$2+/ content was particularly evident, whereas the K$\^$+/ and Mg$\^$2+/ decreased with growth. The Ca$\^$2+/ content was much higher in the high nitrogen treatment than in the low nitrogen treatment. 5. With rapid decrease in total nitrogen and water in the leaves around the end of August, the Ca$\^$2+/ and Cl$\^$-/ which were higher in the lower part moved up to the upper part. Whereas the K$\^$+/, H$_2$PO$_4$$\^$-/ and SO$_4$$\^$2-/ which were higher in the upper part moved down to the lower part. 6. Total nitrogen content decreased sharply 3,200me/kg DM to 2,000me/kg DM at the end of August changing the maxmium content of total nitrogen from upper to lower part in the low nitrogen treatment on 12 September and in the high nitrogen treatment on 22 September, and an apex of branches was died and fallen 10 days after respectively. 7. The sum of cation in leaves (∑C) increased from 1400me/kg DM to 1600me/kg DM with growth, wherease that of anions (∑A) was approximatly the same during the whole growing season. As the result, the ionic balance (C-A) increased from 1000me/kg DM to 1200me/kg DM. 8. ∑C, ∑A and (C-A) were higher in the high nitrogen treatment than in the low nitrogen treatment due to be much higher of Ca$\^$2+/ content and higher of NO$\^$-/$_3$, SO$\^$2-/$_4$ and H$_2$PO$_4$$\^$-/ content.
Geochemical characteristics of groundwater in the different kinds of various lithology such as Haman formation, Panyaweol formation, Jusan andesitic formation and Palgongsan granite is distinguished by mineralogical and chemical compositions. The Concentration of the majority of solutes in groundwaters of Haman and Panyaweol formation is higher than in that of andesite and granite. Higher concentration of $HCO_3^{-}{\;}and{\;}SO_4^{2-}$ anions in the groundwater is peculiar. High concentrations of $Ca^{2+},{\;}Mg^{2+},{\;}HCO_3^{-}$ in the groundwaters of the sedimentary rocks result mainly from reaction of $CO^{2-}$ charged water with calcite and weathered feldspars. With the Piper diagram, the groundwaters of Haman formations are mainly plotted in $CaSO_4-CaCl_2$ type, whereas those of Panyaweol formations are plotted in the bothside of $Ca(HCO_3)_2{\;}and{\;}CaSO_4-CaCl_2$ type. Thses two different types of $Ca(HCO_3)_2{\;}and{\;}CaSO_4-CaCl_2$ groundwater were originated from dissolution of calcite($Ca(HCO_3)_2)$ and the oxidation of pyrite($CaSO_4-CaCl_2$), respectively. And it also is influenced by anthropogenic contamination. Three factors were extracted from the factor analysis for chemical data. Factor 1, controlled by $SO_4^{2-},{\;}Na^{+},{\;}Ca^{2+}$ and Fe, explains the dissolution of calcite, plagioclase and oxidation of pyrite. Factor 2, controlled by $HCO_3^{-}{\;}and{\;}Mg^{2+}$, mainly explains the dissolution of Mg-carbonates and dolomitization. Factor 3, controlled by $Cl^{-},{\;}K^{+}{\;}and{\;}NO_3^{-}$, is subject to the influence of artificial pollution including industrial waste water disposal. In this study area, some industrial complex which is close to Keumho river show the higher score of factor 3.
Seo, Gwang-Yeob;Kim, Seung-Ho;Lee, Kyoung-Seok;Min, Kyoung-Woo;Seo, Hee-Jeong;Kang, Yeong-Ju;Paik, Ke-Jin;Moon, Young-Woon;Shin, Dae-Yewn
Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
/
v.36
no.2
/
pp.108-117
/
2010
In this study, ambient particulate matter ($PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$) levels were measured and their chemical and physical properties were characterized. Two sites in Gwangju were sampled once a month from December 2008 to November 2009. The annual mean concentrations of $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were $26.9\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $46.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, in Nongseongdong and $26.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $44.8\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, in Duam-dong. $PM_{2.5}$ levels were 1.8 times higher than the USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) national ambient air quality standard for $PM_{2.5}$ ($15\;{\mu}g/m^3$). The average $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ ratio of 0.58 suggested that $PM_{2.5}$ is a significant component of the ambient particle pollution. The order of concentration of metallic elements in $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ was Si > Al > Fe > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn. Cd was not detected. The earth crustal enrichment factors for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn in $PM_{2.5}$ were higher than those in $PM_{10}$. When the earth crustal enrichment factors for Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were higher than 10, this suggested influence from anthropogenic sources. The soil contribution ratios for $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ were 11.3% and 16.4%, respectively, and were higher in the fall and winter. Anions (${SO_4}^{-2}$, ${NO_3}^-$, and $Cl^-$) comprise 28.7% of $PM_{2.5}$ and 21.4% of $PM_{10}$. The correlation coefficient of Zn-Fe, Mn-Cu, Fe-Cu and Fe-Mn in $PM_{2.5}$ was high in the sampling sites, and metallic elements were primarily from anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion and vehicle emissions.
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