• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.228-239
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• 2024

Objective: The objective of the experiment was to study yeast supplementation (yeast, Y) and dried kratom leaves (DKTL) on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites and nitrogen balance in goats. Methods: Four of 7 to 8 months old male crossbred (50% Thai Native-Anglo Nubian) goats with average liveweight 20±0.13 kg were randomly assigned according to a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a 4×4 Latin square design to receive four diets ad libitum basis. The study investigated the effects of two levels of yeast (Y) supplementation (Y, 0 and 0.5g/kg dry matter [DM]) along with two levels of DKTL supplementation (DKTL, 0 and 4.44g/kg DM). The experimental groups were as follows: T1 = control group with 0Y+0DKTL, T2 = 0Y+4.44 DKTL, T3 = 0.5Y+0DKTL, and T4 = 0.5Y+4.44 DKTL. Results: The results showed that there were no interactions between Y levels and DKTL levels with respect to total DM intake, but there were significant effects (p<0.05) by levels of Y; goats receiving 0.05 g/kg DM Y had higher than goats fed 0.0 g/kg DM on average (kg/d). A percentage of body weight (% BW) and grams per kilogram of metallic weight (g/kg w^0.75) had no influence on yeast levels and DKTL, but there was a difference (p<0.05) by yeast level Y at 0.5 g/kg DM, being higher compared to the non-supplemented group. Apparent digestibility coefficient of nutrition in the form of (DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) was an increased trend in the Y-level complementary group at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM, respectively. Protozoa populations decreased in the group receiving Y levels at 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels at 4.44 g/kg DM when compared to group T1. The acetic acid concentration and methane gas generation decreased (p<0.05) in the group receiving Y levels of 0.5 g/kg DM and DKTL levels of 4.44 g/kg DM, while the amount of propionic acid increased (p<0.05). Conclusion: Effects of feeding combinations of Y and DKTL supplementation on feed showed no interaction effect (Y×DKTL) on feed intake, rumen fermentation, bacterial and fungi population. The effect on protozoal populations was lower in the group that was supplemented with DKTL at 4.44 g/kg DM related to synthetic CH₄ was reduced.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.64-69
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• 1998

New thirty derivatives of 5,6-dihydro-2-trifluoromethyl-1,4-oxathiin carboxanilide as substrate(S) were synthesized and their fungicidal activities in vivo against rice sheath blight(Rhizoctonia solani) and wheat leaf rust(Puccinia recondita) were examined. The structure activity relationships(SAR) between the activities($pI_{50}$) and a physicochemical parameters of substituents(X) at the phenylcarbamoyl group were analyzed using the adaptive regression analysis method. The 3-methoxy, 11, 3-isopropyloxy, 13 and 3-isopropyl substituent, 25 as X on the phenylcarbamoyl group exhibited the most highest fungicidal activity against the two fungi. The fungicidal potency of the (S) against Puccinia recondita was higher than Rhizoctonia solani. In case of Rhizoctonia solani, the molecular hydrophobicity(${\pi}>0$) and resonance effect(R<0) by meta-alkyl substitutents with electron donating were important factors in determining fungicidal activity. And the HOMO energy(HOMO>0), ABSQ, sum of absolute values of the atomic charges on each atom and specific polarizability(Sp.Pol<0) of (S) were significantly influential towards fungicidal activity against Puccinia recondita.. The interaction between (S) and receptor agonist from the based on SAR studies proceeds through charge-control reaction, and conditions to show higher activity has been also discussed.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.121-125
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• 2009

We measured the influence of antifungal antagonists Bacillus subtilis AH18 and Bacillus licheniformis K11 on soil microbial community in microcosms. Both antifungal antagonists were confirmed to suppress hot pepper phytophthora blight. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) were analyzed to investigate the soil microbial community. B. subtilis AH18 changed the total PLFA composition and bio-indicators of PLFA, compared with other treatments. B. subtilis AH18 decreased the proportion of bacteria and gram negative/gram positive bacteria, and increased the fungi/bacteria and anaerobic/aerobic microorganisms. In addition cy19:0/18:$1{\omega}7c$, which means adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions, was increased by the application of B. subtilis AH18. On the other hand the inoculation of B. licheniformis K11 or combined inoculation of both antifungal strains did not affect soil microbial community. The suppression of phytophthora blight and preservation of indigenous soil microbial community may be achieved by the combined application of B. subtilis AH18 and B. licheniformis K11.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.112-121
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• 2015

In this study, Copper Azole (CuAz), a domestically available wood preservative for pressure treatment, was employed to perform an experimental research on its infiltration and decay properties in Japanese Red Pine. Test specimens were pressure-injected with CuAz-2 preservative to measure its preservative effectiveness, and then its impact on weight and mass losses. Furthermore, wood specimens were treated with CuAz-2 preservatives of various concentration levels before they were decayed with brown-rot-fungi in order to observe decay properties on light microscope (LM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). As a result, untreated specimen by Fomitopsis palustris showed the mass loss of more than 40%, and the value of preservative effectiveness of CuAz-2 by indoor decay was $1,73-3.32kg/m^3$. The concentration levels of CuAz-2 preservative were shown to cause significant variations in terms of decay progresses in the cross section, radial section, and tangential section. By contrast, untreated specimens had underwent serious decays in early wood, late wood, longitudinal resin canals, and ray, which led to vertical destruction of wood texture. As for the radial section, ray tracheid, ray parenchyma cell, and window like pits were decayed and destroyed. In the case of tangential section, uniseriate rays and vertical resin canals were seriously decayed. In conclusion, this study indicates that the adequacy of the current CuAz injection amount should be reviewed in the domestic environment because there are significantly different decays at different decay conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 1999

Effects of culture conditions and Mn(II) addition were investigated for production of extracellular manganese peroxidase by lignin-degrading fungus LSK-27, Nitrogen source was shown to more influence the production of extracellular manganese peroxidase by LSK-27 than carbon source. When peptone or yeast extract as nitrogen source was added, high MnP activity was obtained. Especially, nitrogen-sufficient culture condition was effective in MnP activity, showing significantly increase up to 1.0% peptone concentration, but carbon-sufficient was not. Mn(II) was shown to strongly induce the MnP production in culture fluids of LSK-27. Increase of MnP actiyity was obeserved up to addition of 100ppm Mn(II), and over this Mn(II) concentration appeared to be inhibitory. The highest level of MnP activity was attained when Mn(II) was added after 2 day incubation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.76-83
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• 2006

In order to investigate the impacts of non-selective herbicide, glufosinate-ammonium (ammonium 4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl] -DL-homoalaninate, GLA) to the non-target organisms, earthworm was exposed to GLA in the field soil for a month, and microbial populations in the soil were investigated after application of GLA. Simultaneously, the residues of GLA and its metabolite, 3-MPP were analyzed in the same soil. Meanwhile, to elucidate the influence of GLA to the growth of non-target crops incase of inter-furrow application, the amounts of carotenoid, chlorophyll, amino acid, proteins and sugars in the leaves of potato and chinese cabbage grown in the same field were investigated. In result, the dead earthworm was not observed during the test period, and the increasing rates of bodyweight were $9.410{\sim}11.603%$ in GLA-treated plots and 5.645% in GLA-untreated plots. The populations of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes in the GLA-treated soils were $6.2{\times}10^4$, $1.5{\times}10^6$ and $5.7{\times}10^4$, respectively. They maintained relatively similar levels to the control which were $3.7{\times}10^4$, $3.7{\times}10^5$ and $3.7{\times}10^4$, respectively. In residue analysis, the limit of detection of GLA was 0.02 mg $kg^{-1}$, that of 3-MPP was the same level, and the half-life of GLA was 15 days in sandy clay loam soil. This result indicates that GLA was degraded very quickly in field soil. On the other hand, the amounts of physiological, biochemical components such as carotenoid, amino acid, chlorophyll, protein and sugar were ranged from 90.0 to 104.3% in potato and from 99.0 to 112.7% in chinese cabbage. Comparing with hand-weeded plots, it is indicated that GLA had not affected to the growth of non-target crops when applied at inter-furrow in crops-growing field.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2015

Wetlands constitute a transitional zone between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and have unique characteristics such as frequent inundation, inflow of nutrients from terrestrial ecosystems, presence of plants adapted to grow in water, and soil that is occasionally oxygen deficient due to saturation. These characteristics and the presence of vegetation determine physical and chemical properties that affect decomposition rates of organic matter (OM). Decomposition of OM is associated with activities of various extracellular enzymes (EE) produced by bacteria and fungi. Extracellular enzymes convert macromolecules to simple compounds such as labile organic carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) that can be easily taken up by microbes and plants. Therefore, the enzymatic approach is helpful to understand the decomposition rates of OM and nutrient cycling in wetland soils. This paper reviews the physical and biogeochemical factors that regulate extracellular enzyme activities (EEa) in wetland soils, including those of ${\beta}$-glucosidase, ${\beta}$-N-acetylglucosaminidase, phosphatase, arylsulfatase, and phenol oxidase that decompose organic matter and release C, N, P, and S nutrients for microbial and plant growths. Effects of pH, water table, and particle size of OM on EEa were not significantly different among sites, whereas the influence of temperature on EEa varied depending on microbial acclimation to extreme temperatures. Addition of C, N, or P affected EEa differently depending on the nutrient state, C:N ratio, limiting factors, and types of enzymes of wetland soils. Substrate quality influenced EEa more significantly than did other factors. Also, drainage of wetland and increased temperature due to global climate change can stimulate phenol oxidase activity, and anthropogenic N deposition can enhance the hydrolytic EEa; these effects increase OM decomposition rates and emissions of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$ from wetland systems. The researches on the relationship between microbial structures and EE functions, and environmental factors controlling EEa can be helpful to manipulate wetland ecosystems for treating pollutants and to monitor wetland ecosystem services.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

The rocks of the five storied stone pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji temple site are 149 materials in total with porphyritic biotite granodiorite. They include pegmatite veinlet, basic xenolith and evenly developed plagioclase porphyry. This stone pagoda has comparably small fracture and cracks which are farmed in the times of rock properties, but surface exfoliation and granular decomposition are in process actively since the rocks are generally weakened from the influence of air contaminants and acid rain. Structural instability of constituting rocks in the 4th roof materials are observed to occur from distortion and tilt. Such instability is judged to threat stability of the upper part of the stone pagoda. Also, chemical weathering is operating even more as the contaminants, ferro-manganese hydroxides eluted from water-rock interaction on the rock surface. Most of the rock surface is covered with yellowish brown, dark black and light gray contaminants, and especially occur in the lower part of the roof rocks on each floor. The roof underpinning rocks are severe in surface pigmentation from manganese hydroxides and light gray contaminants. The surface of rocks lives bacteria. algae, lichen, or moss and diverse productions in colors of light gray, dark Bray and dark green. Grayish white crustose lichen grows thick on the surface with darkly discolored by fungi and algae in the first stage on basement rocks, and weeds grows wild on the upper part of each roof rocks. This stone pagoda must closely observe the movements of the upper part rock materials through minute safety diagnosis and long term monitoring for structural stability. Especially since the surface discoloration of rocks and pigmentation of secondary contaminants are severe, establishment of general restoration and scientific conservation treatment are necessary through more detailed study for this stone pagoda.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-68
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• 1988

This study was conducted to define the optimal conditions for embryo growth during seed stratification and for breaking dormancy as well as seed germination of stratified ginseng seeds. The experiments were also carried out to detect some materials which were expected to induce seed dormancy in the ginseng seeds. The results summarized as follows; 1. The growth of embryo during seed stratification was significantly inhibited by the existence of endocarp. The fastest embryo growth was resulted at $15^{\circ}C$ and an estimated optimal temperature for embryo growth was about $18^{\circ}C$. 2. There was no significant difference between the embryo growth and germination ratio of ginseng seeds which were sown in seed bed at Aug-5 without seed stratification and that of artificial seed stratification. 3. Embryo growth and germination ratio was significantly inhibited by high temperature treatment at $30^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours or respiration stress by immersing seeds in water for 10 days or more. 4. When the seed stratification was started at $10^{\circ}C$, growth of embryo in the ginseng seeds were almost stopped. But, when the seeds were stratified first at $20^{\circ}C$ for 50 days and next at $10^{\circ}C$ for 50 days, the embryo growth was significantly promoted compared with the embryo growth in the seeds which were stratified at $20^{\circ}C$ for 100 days. 5. The successive embryo growth after seed stratification was significantly accelerated at $10^{\circ}C$ but the seeds chilled at $5^{\circ}C$ for 100 days were resulted in the highest germination ratio as well as the shortest days for germination. 6. The successive embryo growth during chilling treatment and seed germination were significantly inhibited by immersing seeds in water just before chilling treatment or during chilling treatment and by interruption of chilling treatment with raising temperature to $20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days during chilling treatment. 7. The germination ratio of ginseng seeds which finished chilling treatment was highest at $10^{\circ}C$ and 62.5% was the estimated soil moisture for the best germination of ginseng seeds. The ginseng seeds were found to require high amount of oxygen for germination. 8. Only water soluble material in homogenized ginseng seeds showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seed germination of sesame, millet and soybean. Water soluble material dissolved from undehisced ginseng seeds showed stronger inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame than material from dehisced ginseng seeds. Extraction temperature did not influence the inhibiting effect of the material dissolved from ginseng seeds on the seedling growth of sesame. 9. Water soluble materials dissolved from the berry pulps, leaves, fresh roots and dried roots also showed a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame. 10. Water soluble materials dissolved from the ginseng seeds, leaves and fresh roots showed a significant inhibiting effect on the germination of true fungi and the growth of spawn but the growth of phytopathogenic bacteria was not. 11. Among the water soluble materials dissolved from ginseng seeds, the materials of low molecular weight less than 3,000 were resulted a significant inhibiting effect on the seedling growth of sesame and the materials of high molecular weight also showed an inhibiting effect.