• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 1998

The effects of inflorescence herbivory and flowering time on plant architecture and reproductive yields were examined with a perennial herbacious species, Vicia cracca, occurring in Natick, Massachusetts, USA. Natural herbivory on inflorescences was observed among the total of 157 plants during a growing season. Vegetative and reproductive characters were measured in the field as well as in the lab depending on the characters. Approximately 64% of the plants were subjected to herbivory on inflorescences. Plants were classified into three groups; unbrowsed plants, partially browsed, and totally browsed plants, according to the level of herbivory on inflorescences of each plant. Plants were also categorized by their flowering time such as early vs late flowering plants. Herbivores tended to favor inflorescences on rather small plants, resulting in a pattern of totally contact or partially intact inflorescences on taller plants. The mean number of stems, which was assumed to be a direct result of severe herbivory in this population, differed among herbivory groups. There also was a tendency that plants flowering late in the season had more nodes with more leaves, suggesting that herbivory on stem tips early in the season before flowering might have induced growth of side branches or branchlets along the main stems. Comparison between unbrowsed and partially browsed plants showed that the latter compensated for browsing in terms of numbers of inflorescences, fruits, seeds and seed size (weight), though they did not compensate in flower number. The probability of fruit production (presence vs absence of fruits) and seed weight declined toward the end of the season. These results suggest that resources are deficient at the end of the season. Almost complete reproductive failure in totally browsed plants is attributed to the destruction of inflorescence display and the disadvantage of small vegetative size of those plants. After all, in this population, a moderate level of herbivory on inflorescences did not reduce the maternal fitness of the plants. However, severe herbivory on inflorescences resulted in antagonistic interactions between plants and herbivores.

• 식물병연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.295-298
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• 2023

During a disease survey conducted in April 2022, we observed severe gray mold symptoms on inflorescences of mango trees (Mangifera indica) grown in a vinyl greenhouse in Jeju, Korea. The symptoms occurred on the flowers and peduncles, on which a lot of gray molds were formed. The incidence of gray mold on the inflorescences in the vinyl greenhouse ranged from 10% to 40%. Three fungal isolates were obtained from the lesions and identified as Botrytis cinerea based on their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. All isolates of B. cinerea were tested for their pathogenicity to inflorescences of mango trees through artificial inoculation. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed on the flowers and peduncles. The symptoms induced by the isolates were similar to those on the inflorescences of mango trees observed in the disease survey. This is the first report of B. cinerea causing gray mold in mango in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.85-88
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• 1999

Aqueous and dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of leaves, root bark and inflorescences of Parthenium hysterophorus L. at various concentrations were used to quantify its allelopathic potential against Indigofera tinctoria, Amaranthus viridis, A. gangeticus, Phaseolus mungo (cv. CO 1), Sorghum vulgare (cv. SPT- 462). Pennisetum typhoideus (cv. WCC-75) and Eleusine corocana (cv. CO 1). The aqueous extracts were more inhibitory than the DCM extracts to the germination and seedling growth of the plants studied. The relative rate of inhibition increased in the order of inflorescences. leaves and root bark in the aqueous extracts. whereas DCM root bark and inflorescences extracts were promoted at lower concentrations.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.319-319
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• 2022

Dill(Anethum graveolens L.) is a buttercup family, and flowers, leaves, stems, and seeds are all mainly used as spices. This study was carried out to discover and propagate genetic resources for the development of plant-derived medicinal fragrance materials, and to establish a database. In order to investigate the genetic characteristics of dill and to extract natural essential oils, 50 resources were parceled out the genetic resource center, sown, germinated, and then formally cultivated in the test research field. After sowing and propagation of 50 dill resources, the characteristics of each individual such as plant height, the diameter of polychasium during flowering, and the number of small inflorescences were investigated. The flowering period of dill was around May 31 to June 17, and about 10% of the proliferating population flowered around May 31. The plant length of dill was 32-14 lcm, and the length of petiole was 1~16cm, showing an average of 5cm. The color of the stem and leaf color was referred to the RHS Color chart, and the colors were classified as 44S, 19 V, and 75DI. Uses as many resources as possible with 35 resources equivalent to 19V. Inflorescences are lateral and opposite, polychasium inflorescences are somewhat flat at the upper part and have a diameter of 4.5~20cm, and divergent inflorescences are irradiated with 5~86 multiple flowers. The number of pedicels is 16-74, and the length of the pedicel is 1-18cm spread sideways or the length is different from each other.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.71-79
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• 2005

In vitro studies using detached inflorescences with peduncles were conducted to investigate flower abscission agents in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.). Of the nine compounds studied only three, ammonium thiosulphate (ATS), abscisic acid (ABA) and ethephon induced abscission. Anilazine, benzyladenine, carbaryl, gibberellic acid, napthaleneacetic acid and thidiazuron did not induce abscission. ATS dip treatments did not induce abscission but the spray treatments induced $60.5\%$ abscission at $1500\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and $33.1\%$ at $3000\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Severe chlorophyll loss occurred on all inflorescences treated with ATS. Both ABA dip treatments and a $250\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}L^{-1}$ spray treatment caused abscission $(40\%)$ without adverse effects, and timing of ABA application was important. Because ABA was only significant in the dip treatments, ABA may not be a practical option for field use on ginseng. Ethephon sprays induced more abscission as the season progressed and as the concentration increased. As the dip concentrations of ethephon increased, the abscission rate decreased and the health of the inflorescences declined. The $1500\;mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ spray of ethephon gave consistent abscission results over the glowing season with little phytotoxicity. Treatment with the competitive ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcy-clopropene (1-MCP) suggested that flower abscission was due to the liberation of ethylene from the breakdown of ethephon.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.238-241
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• 2014

백두산에서 골풀속의 신종인 김의골풀(Juncus baekdusanensis M. Kim)을 새로이 발견하여 기재하였다. 김의골풀은 엽초를 가진 잎을 가지며 1-2개의 꽃으로 이루어진 화서를 가지고 있고 2개의 막질 소포를 가진 점에서 길골풀(J. tenuis Willd.)과 유사하다. 그러나 김의골풀은 2개의 꽃으로 이루어진 화서, 적녹색의 막질상 화피, 난형의 화피, 예두의 화피열편, 화피보다 커다란 삭과, 고지대의 늪지에서 자라는 특징이 있다. 반면에 길골풀은 1개의 꽃으로 이루어진 화서, 녹색의 강직한 화피, 장피침형의 화피, 점첨두의 화피열편, 화피보다 작은 삭과, 저지대의 초지에서 자라는 점에서 뚜렷하게 차이를 보인다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.183-187
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• 2022

Alfalfa is one of the most useful forage crops worldwide, containing a high level of amino acids that are essential to both human and animal health. However, amino acids and their concentrations may differ between plant parts. Hence, detecting amino acids in different plant parts would be useful in the development of diet supplements. The purpose of this study was to determine the amino acid content in alfalfa leaves, stems, and inflorescences using an amino acid analyzer. Asparagine and glutamic acid were the most abundant amino acids found in stems, leaves, and inflorescences than other amino acids. All parts of alfalfa had low concentrations of cysteine and methionine. All amino acids except asparagine were present in the highest concentration in leaves followed by inflorescences. Leaf had a rich amino acid content, namely asparagine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, and lysine. However, the stem had a lower amino acid composition than the leaf or inflorescence. Overall, the data showed determining the amino acid content of forages provides a good approach to making animal feed with essential and specific amino acids and preventing excessive inclusion of amino acids.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.295-305
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• 2011

Many studies have suggested the positive effects of grazing by large herbivorous mammals on seed dispersal, but little is known about how herbivores could affect the fate of ingested seeds. This study examined the effects of seed ingestion by sika deer (Cervus nippon) on seed fate in a temperate grassland established in an urban park long resided by high densities of sika deer. I compared species composition and seasonal traits of seed abundance and maturity in the grassland community with those in deer fecal pellets. In total, 27 herbaceous species were observed, including the predominant Zoysia japonica. Seed phenology and production differed among the three dominant species (Z. japonica, Digitaria violascens, and Hydrocotyle maritima). Pellets contained at least 26 species of herbaceous seeds, and their abundance differed among species. Of the 26 species, 15 were observed in the vegetation at the study site. The peak of seed abundance in pellets for the dominant species appeared 1 month after the peak of inflorescence production (but most of the inflorescences were immature and susceptible to digestion) and consequently corresponded to the peak of mature inflorescence. Because sika deer are likely to ingest seeds at any maturity stage in the grassland and immature seeds are less hardened, ingested immature seeds can suffer great losses. The results suggested that the survival of germable seeds with great losses of immature seeds may be a factor determining which plant species can be successfully dispersed by herbivores.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.291-302
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• 1998

식물생장 조절제 Uniconazole-P의 처리가 초지조건에서 목초의 생육억제와 종자생산에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 초종은 화본과 목초 2초종(orchardgrass와 timothy)과 두과목초 2초종(red clover와 alfalfa)을 공시하였고, Uniconazole-P의 처리농도는 대조구, 20ppm구, 40ppm구의 3처리로 하여, 화본과 목초는 유수분화기에, 두과목초는 개화시기(開花始期)에서 엽면산포하였다. 본 실험에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. Uniconazole-P의 처리효과는 처리농도, 초종 및 생육단계에 따라서 차이가 인정되었다. 2. Uniconazole-P의 처리는 출수초기의 화본과 목초에서 초장과 간장이 단축되었고, 수중과 엽록소 함량을 증가시켰다. 3. Uniconazole-P의 처리는 종자 결실기의 orchardgrass에서 수수, 1경중, 수중, 1수중 및 종자중을 증가시켰고, timothy에서는 초장의 단축과 수수, 1수중, 수중, 종자중 및 수확지수를 증가시켰다. 4. Uniconazole-P의 처리는 개화초기의 red clover와 alfalfa 2초종 모두 초장과 총절간장을 단축시켰지만, 총분지장과 엽록소 함량을 증가시켰다. 특히 red clover에서는 화수와 화중의 증가가 현저하였다. 5. Uniconazole-P의 처리는 종자 결실기의 red clover에서 초장을 단축시켰고, 화중과 종자중을 증가시켰으며, alfalfa에서는 초장을 단축시키고 화중, 종자중 및 수확지수를 증가시켰다. 6. Uniconazole-P의 처리에 의한 화본과 목초의 종자 생산과정은 1) 출수초기에서 초장과 간장의 단축, 2) 출수초기와 종자 결실기에서 수수와 l수중의 증가, 3) 종자 결실기에서 단위면적당 수중과 종자중의 증가 및 수확지수의 증가로 설명할 수 있다. 7. Uniconazole-P의 처리에 의한 두과목초의 종자 생산과정은 1) 개화초기에서 초장과 총절간장의 단축과 분지수와 총분지장의 증가, 2) 개화초기와 종자 결실기에서 화수와 화중의 증가, 3) 종자 결실 기에서 종자중과 수확지수의 증가로 설명할 수 있다.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.271-283
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• 2013

식별형질이 적거나 명확하지 않아서 동정하는데 어려움이 있었던 한국산 현삼속 식물의 형태학적 형질을 재검토 하였다. 이에 근거하여 각 분류군의 변이의 한계와 식별형질을 파악하였다. 생육지, 뿌리의 형태, 엽질, 줄기와 잎에 분포하는 선모의 유무, 개화기, 꽃받침의 형태, 화관의 색, 화관 하부열편의 길이, 화반의 유무 등은 열을 구분하는 형질로 매우 유용하였다. 이번 연구에서 1) 개현삼열에 속한 개현삼과 섬현삼은 줄기 능각의 길이, 엽병의 너비, 화관 측열편과 상부열편의 중첩 정도, 화관 상부열편의 함입 정도 등에 의해 명확히 구분할 수 있었다. 큰개현삼열에 속한 2) 현삼은 수상형의 화서 형태, 길이가 매우 짧은 화경과 소화경, 연녹색의 화관 등이 중요한 식별형질로 확인되었고, 3) 토현삼은 피침형의 엽신과 꽃받침, 엽액형의 화서 형태 등이 좋은 식별형질이었다. 4) 좀현삼은 매우 작은 잎의 길이와 너비에 의해 큰개현삼과 구분되었으며, 5) 몽울토현삼은 줄기에 3~6개의 마디를 가지고, 엽신의 형태는 광난형~아원형이며, 매우 이른 개화기를 가지고, 화서는 정단에만 짧게 발달하는 특징 등을 가짐으로써 근연분류군과 뚜렷이 구분되었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 한국산 현삼속을 2열 6종 1변종, 총 7분류군으로 정리하였고, 이들에 대한 검색표를 제시하였다.