• Animal cells and systems
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.385-390
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• 2012

The relationship between pain stimulation and the blood glucose level was studied in ICR mice. We examined the possible change of the blood glucose level after the pain stimulation induced by acetic acid injected intraperitoneally (i.p.),, formalin injected subcutaneously (s.c.) into the hind paw, or substance P (SP), glutamate, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$ and IFN-${\gamma}$) injected intrathecally (i.t.). We found in the present study that acetic acid, formalin, SP, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$ increased the blood glucose level. The blood glucose level reached at maximal state 30 min and returned to normal level 2 h after the pain stimulation in a fasting group. Furthermore, acetic acid, formalin, SP, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\gamma}$ caused the elevation of the blood glucose level in D-glucose-fed group only in an additive manner. However, i.t. injection of glutamate did not alter the blood glucose level in a fasting group. In contrast, i.t. injection of glutamate enhanced the blood glucose level in the D-glucose-fed group. Our results suggest that the blood glucose level appears to be differentially regulated by various pain stimulation induced by acetic acid, formalin, SP, glutamate, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2024

Background: Tolerance to the analgesic effects of opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is a major concern for relieving pain. Thus, it is highly valuable to find new pharmacological strategies for prolonged therapeutic procedures. Biguanide-type drugs such as metformin (MET) are effective for neuroprotection and can be beneficial for addressing opioid tolerance in the treatment of chronic pain. It has been proposed that analgesic tolerance to NSAIDs is mediated by the endogenous opioid system. According to the cross-tolerance between NSAIDs, especially sodium salicylate (SS), and opiates, especially morphine, the objective of this study was to investigate whether MET administration can reduce tolerance to the anti-nociceptive effects of SS. Methods: Fifty-six male Wistar rats were used in this research (weight 200-250 g). For induction of tolerance, SS (300 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally for 7 days. During the examination period, animals received MET at doses of 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg for 7 days to evaluate the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of SS. The hot plate test was used to evaluate the drugs' anti-nociceptive properties. Results: Salicylate injection significantly increased hot plate latency as compared to the control group, but the total analgesic effect of co-treatment with SS + Met50 was stronger than the SS group. Furthermore, the effect of this combination undergoes less analgesic tolerance over time. Conclusions: It can be concluded that MET can reduce the analgesic tolerance that is induced by repeated intraperitoneal injections of SS in Wister rats.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.117-130
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• 2003

To study the analgesic and effect and its mechanism of eletroacupunture(EA) on the chronic inflammatory pain 50 rats were induced with arthralgesia by injecting complete freund's adjuvant(CFA). Two weeks after the injection of CFA, EA stimulation(2Hz, 0.07mA, 0.3ms) was delivered to Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) for 20 minutes. Analgesic effect was evaluated by using the tail flick latency(TFL) and the analgesic mechanism was observed by applying TFL with the pretreatment with naloxone and yohimbine. The results were as follows ; 1. TFL level for the model of adjuvant-induced arthritis decreased as time went by and it induced the hyperalgesia. 2. EA stimulation delivered to Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) for 20 minutes in the rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis brought analgesic effect and its effect had lasted for 40 minutes after the stimulation. 3. The analgesic effect of Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA in the rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis was blocked by pretreatment with naloxone(2mg/kg,i.p). This result suggests that the EA effect on the chronic inflammatory pain can be related to the endogenous opioid mechanism. 4. The analgesic effect of Jogsamni($ST_{36}$) EA in the rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis was blocked by pretreatment with naloxone(2mg/kg,i.p). This result suggests that the EA effect on the chronic inflammatory pain can be related to the ${\alpha}_2$-adrenergic mechanism.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.527-533
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• 2008

Angelica dahurica (Umbelliferae) grows in China, Japan, Russia, and Korea. The root of Angelica dahurica has been used as a traditional folk medicine to treat headache and toothache. In this study, the effects of the aqueous extract of Angelica dahurica on acetic acid-induced abdominal pain, carrageenan-induced edema, and thermal hyperalgesia were investigated using mice and rats. The present results showed that the aqueous extract of Angelica dahurica inhibited acetic acidinduced abdominal pain in mice and reduced carrageen-induced edema in rats. The present study showed that the aqueous extract of Angelica dahurica possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2011

Voltage dependent calcium channel (VDCC), one of the most important regulator of $Ca^{2+}$ concentration in neuron, play an essential role in the central processing of nociceptive information. The present study investigated the antinociceptive effects of L, T or N type VDCC blockers on the formalin-induced orofacial inflammatory pain. Experiments were carried out on adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 220-280 g. Anesthetized rats were individually fixed on a stereotaxic frame and a polyethylene (PE) tube was implanted for intracisternal injection. After 72 hours, 5% formalin ($50 \;{\mu}L$) was applied subcutaneously to the vibrissa pad and nociceptive scratching behavior was recorded for nine successive 5 min intervals. VDCC blockers were administered intracisternally 20 minutes prior to subcutaneous injection of formalin into the orofacial area. The intracisternal administration of 350 or $700{\mu}g$ of verapamil, a blocker of L type VDCC, significantly decreased the number of scratches and duration in the behavioral responses produced by formalin injection. Intracisternal administration of 75 or $150 \;{\mu}g$ of mibefradil, a T type VDCC blocker, or 11 or $22\; {\mu}g$ of cilnidipine, a N type VDCC blocker, also produced significant suppression of the number of scratches and duration of scratching in the first and second phase. Neither intracisternal administration of all VDCC blockers nor vehicle did not affect in motor dysfunction. The present results suggest that central VDCCs play an important role in orofacial nociceptive transmission and a targeted inhibition of the VDCCs is a potentially important treatment approach for inflammatory pain originating in the orofacial area.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.324-328
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• 2023

Excessive inflammation in the body causes immune cells to release cytokines that damage normal tissues and cells, leading to rheumatoid arthritis and sepsis. Pulsed magnetic field(PMF) stimulation has many applications in the treatment of neurological, muscular disorders and pain. Therefore, in this study, we aim to investigate the effect of PMF stimulation on the regulation of excessive inflammation in the overall immune system. Macrophages, a primary immune cell, and T cells, a secondary immune cell, were co-cultured in the insert wells under the same conditions, and then inflammation was artificially induced. The changes in inflammatory activity following PMF stimulation were measured by pH and IL-6 concentration. After inflammation induction, both cells became more acidic and increased IL-6 expression, but after PMF stimulation, we observed improved acidification of macrophages and T cells and decreased IL-6 expression. Our results showed that infected macrophages activated T cells and that the recovery of excessive inflammatory response regulation after PMF stimulation proceeded more rapidly in macrophages. Therefore, this study suggests that PMF has a positive anti-inflammatory effect on the overall immune system and thus has the potential to be used as a non-invasive therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.35-46
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• 2023

Objectives : Gumiganghwal-tang and its main components have been used for treatment of cough, headache, joint pain and fever. Using a respiratory inflammatory model, we intend to demonstrate the its anti-inflammatory effect and immune mechanism of Gumiganghwal-tang. Methods : We induced the respiratory inflammation mouse model by papain treatment. Female BALB/C mice (8 weeks old) were divided into three groups as follows: saline control group, papain treatment group (vehicle), papain and Gumiganghwal-tang (200 mg/kg) treatment group (n=4). To verify the anti-inflammatory effect of Gumiganghwal-tang extracts, we measured the infiltration of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Additionally, the efficacy of Gumiganghwal-tang extracts on Th2 cell population and alveolar macrophage in lung were analyzed by using flow cytometry. Results : Gumiganghwal-tang extracts administration decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in BALF and NALF, especially of eosinophils. Furthermore, interleukin-5 level was reduced in lung by drug administration. Interestingly, Gumiganghwal-tang extracts treatment also decreased the Th2 cell (CD4⁺GATA3⁺) population and increased the alveolar macrophage (CD11b⁺CD11c⁺) population in lung. Conclusions : Our findings indicate that Gumiganghwal-tang extracts have anti-inflammatory effects by mediating Th2 cell and alveolar macrophage cell activation.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2020

Background: Surgical extraction of third molars is associated with postoperative pain and swelling at the extraction site. Pain is commonly managed using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Postoperative pain is usually moderate to severe in the first 12 h postoperatively and lasts for 3-5 days. However, with NSAIDs, these symptoms usually subside within 24 h. Diclofenac sodium and etodolac are NSAIDs, more selectively cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors, with good analgesic efficacies. Methods: We compared the safety and analgesic efficacy of diclofenac sodium with etodolac peroral after surgical extraction of third molars in a double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group study. The subjective pain improvement and pain relief after 2, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h using the visual analogue scale were measured as the study outcome. Results: Etodolac was equivalent to diclofenac sodium in pain alleviation at all postoperative time periods. No significant differences were found between diclofenac sodium and etodolac groups (P > 0.05). Both study medications were well tolerated and safe with mild adverse effects in only a few participants. Conclusion: Diclofenac sodium and etodolac are comparable in terms of analgesic efficacy and safety after surgical removal of third molars.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.92-95
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• 2009

Transverse myelitis is a focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord characterized by motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. A 41-year-old man with transverse myelitis and no pre-existing neurologic disease presented with hypesthesia, numbness, weakness in the both lower extremities, back pain, decreased libido, constipation, and dysuria. A MRI test showed intramedullary high signal intensity between T4 and T8 on a T2-weighted image. After high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone and oral prednisolone therapy, he showed facial swelling and acneiform eruption. Therefore, we injected 40 mg methylprednisolone via an epidural route. A 7-dose serial treatment improved most symptoms. A follow up MRI showed radiological improvement. We report a case of transverse myelitis treated by epidural steroids.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.25-27
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• 2017

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease which affects whole gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Crohn's disease may present both oral manifestation and gastrointestinal symptom-abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, anorexia, fever, and growth failure. The prevalence rate of oral manifestation is approximately between 0.5% and 20%. The oral lesion could be the first sign of Crohn's disease. We present a case of Crohn's disease in a patient who did not show typical oral manifestations but had nonspecific aphthous like ulceration and burning sensation for many years. Through this case, we suggest approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of the oral lesion of Crohn's disease.