• Molecules and Cells
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.332-346
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• 2008

S-glutathionylation is a reversible post-translational modification that continues to gain eminence as a redox regulatory mechanism of protein activity and associated cellular functions. Many diverse cellular proteins such as transcription factors, adhesion molecules, enzymes, and cytokines are reported to undergo glutathionylation, although the functional impact has been less well characterized. De-glutathionylation is catalyzed specifically and efficiently by glutaredoxin (GRx, aka thioltransferase), and facile reversibility is critical in determining the physiological relevance of glutathionylation as a means of protein regulation. Thus, studies with cohesive themes addressing both the glutathionylation of proteins and the corresponding impact of GRx are especially useful in advancing understanding. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and redox regulation are well accepted as playing a role in inflammatory processes, such as leukostasis and the destruction of foreign particles by macrophages. We discuss in this review the current implications of GRx and/or glutathionylation in the inflammatory response and in diseases associated with chronic inflammation, namely diabetes, atherosclerosis, inflammatory lung disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease, and in viral infections.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.279-288
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• 2014

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are a set of chronic, idiopathic, immunological and relapsing inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract referred to as inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD). Although the etiological factors involved in the perpetuation of IBD remain uncertain, development of various animal models provides new insights to unveil the onset and the progression of IBD. Various chemical-induced colitis models are widely used on laboratory scale. Furthermore, these models closely mimic morphological, histopathological and symptomatical features of human IBD. Among the chemical-induced colitis models, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis, oxazolone induced-colitis and dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis models are most widely used. TNBS elicits Th-1 driven immune response, whereas oxazolone predominantly exhibits immune response of Th-2 phenotype. DSS-induced colitis model also induces changes in Th-1/Th-2 cytokine profile. The present review discusses the methodology and rationale of using various chemical-induced colitis models for evaluating the pathogenesis of IBD.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2009

Objectives : Consumption of fermented foods has been known to alleviate some of the symptoms of atopy and may limit allergy development, while there are also many medicinal herbs proved to be effective for immunologically-mediated diseases. In this study, we introduced modern zymology to ferment some herbs to see if fermentation has the possibility of increasing the anti-inflammatory effects of medicinal herbs. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma $(INF-\gamma)$ have been demonstrated to be the main factors in the pathology of allergic diseases. Methods : We measured the levels of IL-4 and $INF-\gamma$ on concanavalin A-induced BALB/c mice spleen cells, which were subsequently treated with fermented and unfermented herbs. We then compared the fermented groups with unfermented groups to see if the anti-inflammatory effects of the herbs were influenced by fermentation. Results and Conclusions : Our results showed that fermentation had the potential to increase the anti-inflammatory effects of some medicinal herbs, and Astragalus membranaceus and Salvia miltiorrhiza would be the most suitable medicinal herbs for fermentation among the herbs in this study.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.11-20
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• 2018

Objectives : Coronary and cerebrovascular disease with high mortality is a major factor in arteriosclerosis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines damage vascular endothelial cells, leading to vascular inflammation. These vascular inflammation can build up cholesterol and thrombus to cause atherosclerosis. Methods : In this study, we researched the effect of ChungHyul-Plus for vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) stimulated with tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$). Change in mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (CCL5, CXCL8, CX3CL1, and MCP-1), cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1), and anti-inflammation modulators (KLF2 and eNOS) were quantified by qRT-PCR. Results : ChungHyul-Plus decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules and increased anti-inflammation modulators expression in $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulated HUVECs. Conclusions : These results suggest that ChungHyul-Plus can be used in the treatment and prevention of vascular inflammation and arteriosclerosis.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2024

A diet rich in proinflammatory components and inflammation are suggested to be significant risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to investigate the association between the risk of MS and the inflammatory potential of an individual's diet and dietary diversity through pro-inflammatory/anti-inflammatory food intake score (PAIFIS) and dietary diversity score (DDS). In a hospital-based case-control study, 397 participants, including 197 patients with MS and 200 healthy participants aged over 18 years, were evaluated. The history of smoking, dietary intake, and anthropometric characteristics, including body mass index, waist circumference, total body fat, and fat-free mass were assessed. A validated 160-item semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to calculate the PAIFIS and DDS scores. The mean age of the participants was 32.45 ± 8.66 years, and most were females (274, 79.4%). The PAIFIS score was significantly higher among MS patients than healthy participants (p = 0.001). Between PAIFIS and DDS, only PAFIS was significantly related to MS risk (odds ratio, 1.002; 95% confidence interval, 1.001-1.004; p = 0.001). PAIFIS, as an index of dietary inflammation, can predict MS. Further studies are needed to document these findings.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.31-49
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• 2016

Objectives The study was designed to evaluate the healing effects of Joaguihwan (JGH) extract on Anti-oxidation, Anti-inflammatory in RAW 264.7 Cells and factors related with bone metabolism in skull fractured Rat. Methods The fracture healing effect of JGH was measured by scavenging activities of1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 cells. The inhibitory effect against the production of inflammatory mediators including interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necosis factors-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) expression was inhibited in RAW 264.7 cells was experimented using JGH. The effects of JGH on healing fractured rats was measured by osteocalcin, calcitonin, CTXII, TGF-${\beta}$, BMP-2, Insulin, ALP in the serum. and was checked every 3 weeks from 0 week to 6week using x-ray. Results 1. DPPH free radica and ABTS scavenging activity of JGH were increased according to concentration of JGH in RAW 264.7 Cells. 2. In the experiment, NO, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ all showed decrease, in general. Especially NO and IL-$1{\beta}$ showed significantly decrease at a concentration of 10, 100 (${\mu}g/ml$). 3. In the production of osteocalcin in the serum, JGH 200, 400 mg/kg experimental group showed significant increased effect at 2 weeks. 4. In the production of calcitonin in the serum. JGH 200 mg/kg experimental group showed significant increased effect at 4, 6 weeks. JGH 400 mg/kg experimental group showed significant increased effect at 2, 4, 6 weeks. 5. In the production of CTX, TGF-${\beta}$, BMP-2 in the serum, experimental group showed increased effect. but no significant effect. 6. In the production of insulin in the serum. JGH 200, 400 mg/kg experimental group showed significant decrease effect at 2, 4, 6 weeks. 7. In the production of ALP in the serum. JGH 200 mg/kg experimental group showed significant increased effect at 2, 4, 6 weeks. JGH 400 mg/kg experimental group showed significant increased effect at 4, 6 weeks. 8. In the change of X-ray, the experimental group showed better healing effects on skull fractured rats than control group. Conclusions From above results, JGH showed healing effect on Anti-oxidation, Anti-inflammatory in RAW 264.7 Cells, factors related with bone metabolism in the serum of skull fractured rat and x-ray, which is expected to be applied in clinics.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.239-243
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• 2017

This study aims to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of proinflammatory cytokines by using Frankinsense. The present data was designed to determine the production of the frankincence on pro-inflammatory factors such as $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$ in lipopolysaccharide(LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages cell. The cell toxicity was identified by CellTiter 96 AQueous One solution cell proliferation assay. To evaluate of anti-inflammatory effect of frankincence, pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. As a result, the frankincence reduced NO and $TNF-{\alpha}$ production without cytotoxicity. As a result, Francincense was not cytotoxic at 10 ug / ml-1000 ug / ml and significantly inhibited the proinflammatory cytokines $TNF-{\alpha}$ and $IL-1{\beta}$. The secretion inhibition effect of proinflammatory cytokine is believed to be applicable to various physiological activity data and functional materials to demonstrate the anti - inflammatory properties of frankincense.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.268-282
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• 2016

In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. Bark. (EUE) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial BV-2 cells and found that EUE inhibited LPS-mediated up-regulation of pro-inflammatory response factors. In addition, EUE inhibited the elevated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mediators, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that EUE suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, glycogen synthase $kinase-3{\beta}$ ($GSK-3{\beta}$), and their downstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$). EUE also blocked the nuclear translocation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ and inhibited its binding to DNA. We next demonstrated that EUE induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. We determined that the significant up-regulation of HO-1 expression by EUE was a consequence of Nrf2 nuclear translocation; furthermore, EUE increased the DNA binding of Nrf2. In contrast, zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a specific HO-1 inhibitor, blocked the ability of EUE to inhibit NO and $PGE_2$ production, indicating the vital role of HO-1. Overall, our results indicate that EUE inhibits pro-inflammatory responses by modulating MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and $GSK-3{\beta}$, consequently suppressing $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and inducing Nrf2-dependent HO-1 activation.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2017

Background: Callus cultivation has the advantage of producing a large amount of tissue of a plant in a laboratory regardless of the environment, for extracting an active substance. In the present study, callus formation was induced in the leaves of the succulent plant Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem & Schult. After callus cultivation, anti-inflammatory activity tests were conducted, because leaves and stems of A. obesum have been reported to possess biological activity. Methods and Results: In order to induce callus formation, various concentrations of plant growth factors, such as kinetin, naphtha-leneacetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were added to MS solid medium. The maximum callus proliferation was induced by mixed medium consisting of NAA ($2mg/{\ell}$) and BA ($1mg/{\ell}$). In addition, an elicitor was added to the medium under optimal conditions for initiating suspension culture. After suspension culturing, the activities of the callus extracts were compared and analyzed. The cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity tests revealed that the anti-inflammatory activity of the callus extract and the content of phenolic compounds were elevated after treatment of the callus culture with the elicitior. Conclusions: A. obesum callus might be considered as potential source of biologically active anti-inflammatory material.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.84-88
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• 2009

In our previous study, we have shown that berberine has both anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory effects on 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and the anti-adipogenic effect is due to the down-regulation of adipogenic enzymes and transcription factors. Here we focused more on anti-inflammatory effect of berberine using real time RT-PCR and found it changes expressions of adipokines. We hypothesized that anti-adipogenicity of berberine mediates anti-inflammtory effect and explored leptin as a candidate mediator of this signaling. We studied this hypothesis by western blot analysis, but our results showed that berberine has no effect on the phosphorylations of STAT-3 and ERK which have important roles on leptin signaling. These results led us to conclude that the anti-inflammatory effect of berberine is not mediated by the inhibition of leptin signal transduction. Moreover, we have found that berberine down-regulates NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling, one of the inflammation-related signaling pathway, through western blot analysis. Taken together, the anti-inflammatory effect of berberine is not mediated by leptin, and berberine induces anti-inflammatory effect independent of leptin signaling.