• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.131-134
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• 1979

In order to know the main causative agent and distribution of the agents in Gram-negative bacillus infections of bovine udders, one hundred and forty-eight cultures of Gram-negative bacilli isolated from clinical cases of mastitis during lactation over a period of 2 years in 6 herds of 180 Holstein cows were studied. Escherichia coli occupied 54.7% of the isolates was the most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacillus. 30 of the isolates (20.3%) were Enterobacter aerogenes, but Enterobacter cloacae was not isolated. Remaining isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Preudomonas aeruginosa and Alcaligenes faecalis. Most of the isolates (75.0%) were isolated from rear quarters.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.437-439
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• 2011

Lemierre syndrome is caused by acute oropharyngeal infections with secondary septic thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and is characterized by frequent metastatic infections. A 56-year-old man presented with severe reddish inflammatory swelling of the right cervical soft tissue. Thrombophlebitis in the right internal jugular vein and multiple pulmonary embolisms were identified on neck and chest computed tomography (CT). He was treated with antibiotics and heparin for 4 weeks and then discharged without other complications.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.199-204
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• 2013

This study aimed to quantify antibiotic consumption and expenditures for acute upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) (J00-J06) in outpatients from 2009 to 2011. We used WHO ATC classification and DDDs in measuring antibiotic consumption. National Health Insurance and Medical Aid claims data were analyzed. Antibiotic consumption has decreased from 4.44 DDD/1,000inhabitants/day in 2009, to 4.43 in 2010 and 3.74 in 2011. The estimated expenditures were 8,206 won/1,000inhabitants/day in 2009, 8,379 in 2010, and 7,004 in 2011. Clinics accounted for 89.8% and 86.0% of antibiotic consumption and expenditures respectively for the acute URIs in 2011. We need to monitor antibiotic consumption consistently, and promote judicious antibiotic use.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.261-267
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• 2003

The periodontal diseases are infections caused by bacteria in oral biofilm, a gelatinous mat commonly called dental plaque, which is a complex microbial community that forms and adhere to tooth surfaces. Host immune-pathogen interaction in periodontal disease appears to be a complex process, which is regulated not only by the acquired immunity to deal with ever-growing and -invading microorganisms in periodontal pockets, but also by genetic and/or environmental factors. However, our understanding of the pathogenesis in human periodontal diseases is limited by the lack of specific and sensitive tools or models to study the complex microbial challenges and their interactions with the host's immune system. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology research have demonstrated the importance of the acquired immune system in fighting the virulent periodontal pathogens and in protecting the host from developing further devastating conditions in periodontal infections. The use of genetic knockout and immunodeficient mouse strains has shown that the acquired immune response, in particular, $CD4^+$ T-cells plays a pivotal role in controlling the ongoing infection, the immune/inflammatory responses, and the subsequent host's tissue destruction.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2013

The mucosal surfaces are constantly exposed to incoming pathogens which can cause infections that result in severe morbidity and/or mortality. Studies have reported that mucosal immunity is important for providing protection against these pathogens and that mucosal vaccination is effective in preventing local infections. For many years, the sublingual mucosa has been targeted to deliver immunotherapy to treat allergic hypersensitivities. However, the potential of vaccine delivery via sublingual mucosal has received little attention until recently. Recent studies exploring such potential have documented the safety and effectiveness of sublingual immunization, demonstrating the ability of sublingual immunization to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses against a variety of antigens, including soluble proteins, inter particulate antigens, and live-attenuated viruses. This review will summarize the recent findings that address the promising potential of sublingual immunization in proving protection against various mucosal pathogens.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.45-61
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• 2005

The first cases of neonatal meningitis believed to have been caused by Enterobacter sakazakii were reported in 1961. Prompted by several subsequent outbreaks of E. sakazakii infections in neonates and an increasing number of neonates in intensive care units being fed rehydrated powdered infant formula, considered to be a source of the pathogen, public health authorities and researchers are exploring ways to eliminate the bacterium or control its growth in dry infant formula, processing environments and formula preparation areas in hospitals. Reviewed here are advances in taxonomy and classification of E. sakazakii, methods of detecting, isolating and typing the bacterium, antibiotic resistance, clinical etilogy and pathogenicity. Outbreaks of E. sakazakii infections in neonates and adults are summarized. Reports on the presence of E. sakazakii in clinical settings, the environment and foods and food processing facilities are reviewed.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.229-232
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• 2006

We retrospectively examined the charts of travelers admitted to the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Bangkok, Thailand, with malaria during the years 2000-2005. Twenty-one cases of malaria were identified, of which 12 (57%) were Plasmodium vivax infections and 9 (43%) were P. falciparum infections. There was one mixed case with vivax and falciparum infection. Only 1 P. falciparum case had complications. All cases were successfully treated with standard antimalarial drugs. Only 3 of the 21 cases were thought to be acquired in Thailand, the rest were regarded to be imported.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2013

Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium species. Most of the imported malaria in Korea are due to Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium ovale infections are very rare. Here, we report a case of a 24-year-old American woman who acquired P. ovale while staying in Ghana, West Africa for 5 months in 2010. The patient was diagnosed with P. ovale malaria based on a Wright-Giemsa stained peripheral blood smear, Plasmodium genus-specific real-time PCR, Plasmodium species-specific nested PCR, and sequencing targeting 18S rRNA gene. The strain identified had a very long incubation period of 19-24 months. Blood donors who have malaria with a very long incubation period could be a potential danger for propagating malaria. Therefore, we should identify imported P. ovale infections not only by morphological findings but also by molecular methods for preventing propagation and appropriate treatment.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.347-352
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• 1995

Studies on anthelmintic efficacy in sheep were carried out on a large breeding farm and on 7 smallholder farms in the North-Sumatra province, Indonesia. The efficacy in reducing strongyle infections in sheep, of albendazole on all farms and of febantel, levamisole and ivermectin on the breeding farm, was estimated by means of faecal egg count reduction tests. High efficacy (> 95%) was found with all the anthelmintics tested and on all farms. The results are discussed in relation to the current parasite control programme.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 2014

The recent rise in SARS and bird flu infections around the world has raised the interest in studying the habits of air borne pathogens such as germs and viruses. In this study, simulations were carried out to predict the performance of UVGI air sterilizer at preventing airborne infections inside a car, based on the installation position and the removing effect of the UVGI air sterilizer. Simulation results showed that the UVGI air sterilizer was most effective when located at the rear side of the front seats. It was also showed that when the out-air mode and the UVGI air sterilizer were set to the highest capacity, the microbial safety levels were maintained in a car for 21 hours.