• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.389-409
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• 1999

This study was carried out to identify the differences between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction of postpartum women during the early postpartum period. The goal of this study was to obtain needed to develope the nursing quality for postpartum women. The subjects were 87 postpartum women who had vaginal delivery at 2 general hospital and 2 maternity hospital in the Ulsan City. The period for the data collection was from June 1 to 29, 1999. The data was gathered using an 98 items questionnaire which was a modified version of a questionnaire the developed by Y. J. Chun. Results found are as follows : 1. The general characteristics of the subjects : The majority of subjects were 25-29 yrs. (57.5%), high school and college graduates(96.5%), unemployed(75.9%), middle ranged economics(93.1%), had no religion(43.7%), male baby(52.9%), birth weight 3-3.5Kg(49.4%), wanted pregnancy(96.6%), no abortion history(50.6%), had antenatal care(89.7%), had prenatal education(32.2%), postnatal education(42.5%), intended breast feeding (46.0%), had resonable self confidence about self(20.7%), infant care(36.8%) and nuclear family pattern(82.3%). 2. The level of nursing needs of overall nursing care(3.93) and the levels of satisfaction(3.86) was relatively high. The nursing needs by category of nursing care, the highest need was in the emotional and psychological care(4.09), and the lowest need was in physical need(3.73). The satisfactions by category of nursing care, the highest satisfaction was in emotional and psychological care(4.11) and the lowest satisfaction was in education in self care(3.64). The significant differences between nursing needs and satisfactions were found on education in infant care(p=.005), and education in self care(p=.020). 3. Among items of physical care, 'accurate medication and treatment(4.21)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.13)', 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound (4.12)' and 'regular observation of postpartum conditions(4.09)' showed high nursing needs. 'Accurate medication and treatment(4.31)', 'regular observation of postpartum condition(4.24)', 'control of postpartum hemorrhage(4.22)' and 'pain control and care of episiotomy wound(4.12)' showed high satisfaction levels. 4. Among items of emotional and psychological care, 'personal treatment(4.32)', kind and faithful care(4.30)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.25)', 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.23)' and detailed explanation on a doubt(4.13)', showed high nursing needs, 'personal treatment(4.52)', 'kind and faithful care(4.45)', 'detailed explanation on a doubt(4.24)', 'detailed explanation on the treatment or nursing care(4.21)' and 'adequate draping during the care and treatment(4.18)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Difference between the level of nursing needs and satisfaction was significant except item of 'early contacts with their baby and breast feeding'. 5. Among items of environmental care, the highest level of need and satisfaction were on the items of 'neat bedding and clothes(4.05, 4.21)' and 'room cleansing or care of room(4.01, 4.28)'. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'room cleansing of care of room'. 6. Among items of educational needs on self care, 'sitz bath method(4.22)', 'high risk symptoms to immediate clinic visits(4.13)', 'the timing of tub bath(4.05)' and 'good secretion of breast milk(4.03)', showed high nursing needs, 'sitz bath method(4.22)' showed high satisfaction of nursing care. Differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction were 'the timing of hair shampoo', 'the timing of tub bath', ' the method of pad change', 'postpartum exercise', 'good secretion of breast milk', 'maintenance of breast figure', 'contraindicated drugs in postpartum women', 'kegel exercise' and 'breast self examination'. 7. Among items of educational needs on infant care, 'immunization of infants(4.36)', 'symptoms of sickness to immediate clinic visits(4.28)'. 'safety and emergency care(4.28)', 'umbilical care(4.26)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.24)', 'normal growth and development of infant(4.24)' and 'infection control(4.22)', showed high level of nursing care, 'immunization of infants(4.21)', 'feeding times and intervals(4.17)', were high satisfaction items showed significant differences between the level of nursing care and satisfaction. 8. Relationship between nursing needs and levels of satisfaction among postpartum women were as follows : 1) Physical area : There were no significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mothers', 'baby's weights', 'baby's sex', 'planning of feeding' and 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 2) Emotional and psychological area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different in the area of 'confidence in self care'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'baby's weights', 'the confidence of infant care' and 'working mother'. 3) Environment area : There were on significant differences in the level of nursing needs, but satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'maternal age' and 'baby's weights'. 4) Education in self care : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history' and 'type of family formation'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'working mother', 'baby's sex', 'antenatal care', 'postpartum education', 'planning of feeding', 'routes of receiving postpartum informations'. 5) Education in infant care area : The level of nursing needs were significantly different among 'parity history'. Satisfaction levels were significantly different among 'baby's sex', 'receiving postpartum education or not' and 'working mother'.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.357-374
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to validate knowledge outcomes included Nursing Outcomes Classification(NOC) developed by Johnson and Maas at the University of Iowa. A sample of 71 nurse experts working in university affiliated hospitals participated in this study. They were asked to rate indicators that examplified the outcomes on a scale of 1(indicator is not all characteristic) to 5(indicator is very characteristic). A questionnaire with an adaptation of Fehring's methodology was used to establish the content validity of outcomes. The results were as follow: 1. All indicators were considered to be 'supporting' and no indicators were considered to be 'nonsupporting'. 2. 'Knowledge: Treatment Regimen' attained and OCV score of 0.816 and was the highest OCV score among outcomes. 3. 'Knowledge: Energy Conservation' attained an OCV score of 0.748 and was the lowest OCV score among abuse outcomes. 4. 'Knowledge: Breastfeeding' attained an OCV score of 0.790 and was the highest indicator was 'description of benefits of breastfeeding'. 5. 'Knowledge: Child Safety' attained an OCV score of 0.778 and was the highest indicator was 'demonstration of first aids techniques'. 6. 'Knowledge: Diet' attained an OCV score of 0.779 and was the highest indicator was 'performance of self-monitoring activities'. 7. 'Knowledge: Disease Process' attained an OCV score of 0.815 and was the highest indicator was 'description of signs and symptoms'. 8. 'Knowledge: Health Behaviors' attained an OCV score of 0.800 and was the highest indicator was 'description of safe use of prescription drugs'. 9. 'Knowledge: Health Resources' attained an OCV score of 0.794 and was the highest indicator was 'description of need for follow-up care'. 10. 'Knowledge: Infection Control' attained an OCV score of 0.793 and was the highest indicator was 'description of signs and symptoms'. 11. 'Knowledge: Medication' attained an OCV score of 0.789 and was the highest indicator was 'description of correct administration of medication'. 12. 'Knowledge: Personal Safety' attained an OCV score of 0.804 and was the highest indicator was 'description of measures to reduce risk of accidental injury'. 13. 'Knowledge: Prescribed Activity' attained an OCV score of 0.810 and was the highest indicator was 'proper performance of exercise'. 14. 'Knowledge: Substance Use Control' attained an OCV score of 0.809 and was the highest indicator was 'description of signs of dependence during substance withdrawl'. 15. 'Knowledge: Treatment Procedure(s)' attained an OCV score of 0.795 and was the highest indicator was 'description of appropriate action for complications'. 16. 'Knowledge: Treatment Regimen' attained an OCV score of 0.816 and was the highest indicator was 'description of self-care responsibilities for emergency situations'. More outcomes need to be validated and outcomes sensitive to Korean culture need to be developed.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.145-149
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• 2013

의료용 선형가속기 (linear accelerator)와 나선형 컴퓨터 단층 촬영 장치 (helical computed tomography scanner)의 결합 장치인 토모테라피는 세기 변조 방사선 치료 (intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT))의 큰 혁신을 이끌었다. 토모테라피 치료 과정에서, Megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) 영상획득은 치료 환자의 정확한 자세 정렬을 위해 치료 전 또는 후에 이용된다. 그러나 이는 환자의 총 선량을 증가시키는 결과를 만들며, 본 연구는 이처럼 MVCT 영상 획득 시 증가되는 선량을 Cylindrical "Cheese" Phantom을 이용하여 측정, 비교하였다. 각각의 pitch 별로 (1, 2, 3 mm) 동일한 개수의 slice (10 slice), 그리고 동일한 length (약 9 cm)를 scanning하여, 이때의 선량 (MVCT Scanning Dose)을 A1SL ion chamber를 이용하여 측정하였다. 측정 결과 동일한 Slice 개수 (각각의 pitch 당 10개)일 때, MVCT scanning dose의 평균값은 각각 (pitch 1, 2, 3mm) 2.24 cGy, 1.02 cGy, 0.81 cGy가 측정되었다. 동일한 length에서 MVCT scanning dose의 평균값은 각각 (pitch 1, 2, 3mm) 2.47 cGy, 1.28 cGy, 0.88 cGy가 측정되었다. 이는 할당된 pitch와 scanning length가 MVCT scanning dose에 큰 영향을 미치는 가장 중요한 매개 변수임을 말하며, pitch는 MVCT scanning dose와 역비례 관계를 나타냈다. 때문에 적절한 pitch와 scanning length의 선택으로 치료 선량 외의 추가 선량을 최소로 줄여야 하겠다.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.10-21
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• 1976

The traditional application of night soil to vegetable gardens and rice paddies results in a most wide spread condition of parasitism, with a variety of helminths found in Korea. In addition to the above fact, the peculiar habit of the consumption of raw vegetables, fish, crustaceans and mammals provides a means of infestations of helminths. During the last sixty years numerous reports were found on the prevalence of helminths amongst the Korean population in different parts of the country, and it was generally recognized that ascariasis, hookworm disease, filariasis, clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis constitute the important helminthic disease in Korea. In practical measures of parasite control activities the main measures are summarized as mass-treatment, night-soil disposal and transmission control. Among the three, the mass-treatment has been commonly applied, however, no reduction of transmission has been obtained by treatment of a population. Therefore, the ultimate eradication of parasites will depend upon the application of comprehensive environmental sanitation measures. The basic environmental measures will be concerned with (a) the safe disposal of human excreta, (b) the provision of adequate and safe water supplies in such a way as to promote a higher standard of personal hygiene in the population, and (c) the prevention of food contamination by faecal material. Additional environmental measures will deal with the improvement of housing and housing hygiene and with general community development. Community development means social and cultural as well as economic development. The control measures on the parasitic endemic diseases, such as clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis are the good examples for community health development in Korea. The control of Clonorchis and Paragonimus infections are theoretically very simple, as the infection can only invade the human body by way of encysted metacercaria which are taken into the body when eating passive intermediate hosts(fishes, crabs and crayfishes). Although prophylactic measures in the case of the infections deal with above merely consist the fishes in cooking or submerging in hot water before eating them, it is exceedingly difficult to carry out such simple measures in face of century old traditions, to which the relatively primitive population clings with great tenacity. There is no one universally applicable method of control. The choice of methods must be dictated by the nature of the environment. the habit and custom of the people. the pattern of transmission and the resources of the country. There must exist a well organized public health infrastructure. Since a control programme is of necessity on a longterm basis and continuity in its implementation is essential. An investigation should be made on the prevalence of the diseases and its relationships to irrigation engineering, freshwater ecology, agricultural methods, hydro-electric schemes, and the development of communities in affected areas. In conclusion, however. the control of clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis in Korea is not an impossible task. A combination of efforts with major emphasis on health education and mass chemotherapy coupled with governmental aid in enforcing legislative public health measures could reduce the diseases. Health education in particular attempts following four things: (a) It supplies a person with enough general knowledge about a disease to make the preventive measures. (b) It makes a person feel sufficiently about the importance of his own health to make him alter his behavior and adopt these preventive measure. (c) It makes him concerned for the health others. (d) It tries to make him feel so strongly about the first three that be supports and even initiates preventive action by the community. Educational efforts should be directed primarily toward school children because it is during the early years that most persons become infected, and also because children are less entrenched in their food habits so that, the educational process should be involved at various levels in successive changes of knowledge, attitude, beha viour, habit and custom of their lives. The most parasitic endemic diseases are related to community diseases. In caring for a sick community. the first stage is to gather epidemiological data, the next is to make inferences from it-to make the community diagnosis. The third is to prescribe community treatment or community health action part of a community health action programme. The community health action is the sum of the steps decided upon to remedy the critical features revealed by the community diagnosis. Action takes various forms; health education is the most important.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.743-754
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• 1999

The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify the homecare needs of patients with cancer and to provide a basis of interventions. One hundred and two patients at one general hospital in Gyeongnam responded to a questionnaire developed on the basis of care needs perceived by nurses caring for hospitalized patients with cancer. The questionnaire was a Likert type 5 point scale with 56 items on five need categories ; 1) informational 2) physical care : 3) emotional care 4) socioeconomic care and 5) special care needs. Internal consistency of this questionnaire was Cronbach's $\alpha$＝.9101 for total items. The data was collected from March 1st to May 31th, 1998, by two graduate nurses. In the data analysis, mean & standard deviation were calculated to identify the degree of care need of each item, and the t-test & ANOVA were done to determine the effects of patients' demographic background on their care needs. The findings are summarized as follows ; 1) The mean score of total of need items was 3.048. Of the four need categories the highest score was informational at 3.4, followed by emotional care, 3.063, physical care, 2.623, and socioeconomic care, 2.599. 2) In the informational need category there were four subcategories with 19 items. Medication and pain control had the highest score, 3.755 ; second was diet and exercise, 3.613 ; third was disease and treatment process, 3.337 ; and last was personal hygiene and infection prevention at 2.687. 3) In the physical care need category there was nine items, IV infusion for nutrition and management of treatment complication was above 3.2 points and the remaining items were in the 2.847-2.070 score ranges. 4) In the emotional care need category there were seven items. The highest need was in support for relationships with health personnel, 3.673. The need for support of religions beliefs and support for having a religion were low at about 2 points. 5) In the socioeconomic care need category there were six items. Support for medical insurance expansion and financial support were above 3 points. Legal support and support for caring of children were low in the care needs. 6) In the special care need category the there were 15 items. Informational need about immunization and informational need about effects of disease on growth and development were high, above 4.1 points. Need for decubitus care and prevention, sitz bath and incontinence care were low, below 2 points. 7) There were significant differences in degree of care need according to admission rate, education level, marital status, religion and caregiver's religion. In conclusion, homecare needs perceived by hospitalized patient's with cancer was moderate, but informational need was higher than direct care need, leading to the conclusion that the provision of sufficient information to patients with cancer at discharge is needed. Nursing interventions should be developed considering the patient's background.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.290-300
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 우리나라 집단급식소를 HACCP 지정유무 및 급식 유형별로 분류하여 위생관리 실태를 평가하여 유형별 문제점을 파악하고 개선방안을 제시하였다. 평가내용은 총 105개 항목, 9개의 영역으로 개인위생, 식재료의 공급, 식품의 저장, 생식품과 조리된 식품의 분리취급, 배식, 세척과 소독, 쓰레기처리, 방충$\cdot$구서 대책, 시설$\cdot$설비 관리영역으로 구성되어 있다. 조사대상급식소는 급식유형에 따라 발생되는 문제점을 고려하기 위해 중$\cdot$고등학교급식소, 대학교급식소, 사업체급식소를 대상으로 이루어졌다. 본 연구의 결과를 하면 다음과 같다. 1. 서울, 경기, 경남지역의 집단급식소 20개소를 대상으로 이루어졌다. 중$\cdot$고등학교급식소 7곳과 대학교 급식소 4곳, 사업체 급식소 9곳을 대상으로 하였다. HACCP 지정급식소는 6곳으로 중 고등학교가 3곳, 사업체 3곳을 포함한다. 평균 중식수는 약 1,400식 정도의 규모이며, 평균 근무인원은 약 34명 정도로 나타났다. 조리원 1인당 맡고 있는 식수는 평균 103식 정도로 양호한 작업량을 보였다. 2. 전체 평균점수는 105점 만점에 72.3점을 보였고 평균 43.9항목$(65.5\%)$이 준수되었고 18.9항목$(30.0\%)$이 비준수로 집계되었다. HACCP 지정업체와 비지정업체간의 비교에서는 HACCP 지정업체가 모든 영역에서 비지정업체에 비해 위생관리가 잘 이루어지고 있었으며 특히 시설$\cdot$설비영역에서 많은 차이를 보였다. 3. 급식유형별 비교에서는 중$\cdot$고등학교급식소가 다른 급식유형에 비해 많은 영역이 잘 이루어지고 있었다. 특히 방충$\cdot$구서대책이나 세척과 소독, 생식품$\cdot$조리식품의 분리취급에서 위생적으로 관리되고 있었다. 반면 대학교 급식소는 위생관리가 제대로 수행되지 않는 유형으로 시급히 보완되어야 하겠다. 특히 대학교 급식소는 방충$\cdot$구서 대책, 쓰레기처리, 시설$\cdot$설비영역, 식재료영역의 이행 수준이 낮게 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 급식소의 위생관리를 철저히 수행하기 위해서는 본 연구에서 사용된 위생관리 모니터링 도구를 이용하여 정기적으로 평가하는 동시에 그 결과를 종업원에게 알려주고, 교육$\cdot$훈련에 적극 활용하는 것이 필요하다. 집단급식소의 경우 인력의 유동이 심하고 시간제 조리원이 많아 교육의 효과를 보기 어려운 경우가 많지만 지속적인 교육과 조직문화 창달을 통해서 그 효과를 배가 시켜야 하겠다. 또한 식당 홀뿐 아니라 주방내의 작업환경의 개선을 통해서 좀 더 효율적으로 위생관리 될 수 있는 급식 시스템의 구축도 필요하겠다. 식중독예방을 위한 방안으로 본 연구에 사용된 것과 같은 체계적인 모니터링 도구를 활용한 지속적인 자가 진단과 개선 및 시정이 철저하게 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 제한점은 훈련된 연구원이 직접 현장 점검하는 방법을 채택하여 경제적, 시간적 한계로 인해 샘플수가 적었다. 그러므로 우리나라 집단급식소의 수에 비해 적은 수의 급식소를 대상으로 하여 대표성이 다소 결여되었다. 따라서 우리나라 집단급식소의 위생관리 실태를 완전하게 파악하기 위해서는 더 많은 연구자들이 급식소의 위생관리 실태조사에 참여하고, 이를 데이터베이스화하여 객관적으로 평가하는 작업이 필요할 것으로 사료된다

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 1970

우리나라에서 공중보건상(公衆保健上) 중요(重要)한 연충류감염에 대(對)하여 1969년(年) 현재(現在) 실시(實施)한 관리(管理) 현황(現況)을 조사(調査)하였으며, 그 결과(結果)를 보면 1966년(年)부터 1969년(年)까지의 학생기생충검사 및 회충구충 사업(事業)에 있어서 그 간(間) 회충감염률의 저하(低下)를 별(別)로 가져오지 못하였음이 나타났으며 따라서 앞으로 본(本) 사업(事業)의 개선(改善) 또는 보다 적극적인 사업(事業)의 추진(推進)이 요망(要望)된다. 보건사회부(保健社會部)에서 지정(指定)한 지역(地域)에서 $1965{\sim}1968$년(年)의 4년간(年間)에 실시(實施)한 폐(肺) 및 간(肝) 디스토마 집단치료사업(集團治療事業)에 있어서는 추정환자수(推定患者數)의 감소(減少)를 크게 가져오지 못하여 사업(事業)의 부진(不振)함을 나타내었다. 구충제제조에 있어서 너무 많은 제조회사(製造會社)에서 많은 종류(種類)의 상품(商品)이 제조(製造)되어 난맥(亂脈)을 이루고 있었으며 따라서 구충제 제조허가(製造許可)에 있어서의 재고(再考)가 요구(要求)된다. 인분처리(人糞處理) 상황(狀況)에 있어서 도시지역(都市地域)에 있어서는 위생적(衛生的)인 하수도(下水道)가 미비(未備)되고 하수종말처리장(下水終末處理場)이 전연(全然) 없고 수거처리(收去處理)되고 있으며 한편 농촌지역(農村地域)의 인분처리(人糞處理)는 거의 수임상태(收任狀態)로 비위생적(非衛生的)이어서 기생충 전파(傳播)의 가장 큰 요인(要因)의 하나가 된다. 인분사용금지구역(人糞使用禁止區域)으로 지정된 전국(全國) 55개(個) 지역중(地域中) 34개(個) 지역(地域)에서 총(總) 170건(件)의 토양(土壤)(밭흙)을 채취하여 검사(檢査)한바 그중(中) 44%에서 회충난이 검출(檢出)되었다. 청정채소보급소(淸淨菜蔬補給所)와 일반시장(一般市場)에서 판매하는 각종 채소(菜蔬) 각(各) 64건(件)씩을 구입하여 검사(檢査)한바 회충난검출률은 보급소(補給所)의 것이 25%, 일반시장(一般市場)의 것이 36%로 나타났다. 전국(全國) 보건소(保建所)에서의 기생충병관리사업 실적(實績)과 기생충 검사능력(檢査能力)은 저조(低調)하였다. 보건사회부(保健社會部)의 기생충병 관리(管理) 예산(豫算)은 아주 적으며, 세로판후층도말법(厚層塗抹法)에 소요(所要)되는 실비(實費)를 산출(算出)한바 1건당(件當) 8원이었다. 기생충병 관리원칙(管理原則)은 기생충 자체(自體)의 생활사(生活史)를 중심(中心)으로 하는 요인(要因)과 이에 영향을 주는 제환경적(諸環境的) 요인(要因), 그리고 감염(感染)과 관계되는 인간숙주측(人間宿主側) 요인(要因)등의 여러가지 요인(要因)에 의(依)해서 발생(發生)되는 기생충감염의 생성과정중(生成過程中)의 어느 한 부분(部分) 또는 그 이상(以上)을 제거하는 방향으로 이루어지며, 그 방법에는 다음과 같은 사항들을 들수 있다. (1) 감염자(感染者)에 대(對)한 집단치료(集團治療)로서 감염(感染)의 근원(根源)이 되는 병원소(病原巢)를 제거(除去)한다. (2) 보충동물을 제거(除去)함으로써 인체감염(人體感染)과 관계되는 동물병원소(動物病原巢)를 제거(除去)한다. (3) 보충숙주의 배설물(排泄物)에 대(對)한 위생적(衛生的) 처리(處理)인바 여기에서 주요(主要)한 것은 도시지역(都市地域)에서의 완비(完備)된 하수도(下水道)와 하수종말처리장(下水終末處理場), 그리고 농촌지역(農村地域)에서의 비흡취식(非吸取式)인 위생적편소(衛生的便所)의 설치(設置) 등이며 이것은 우리나라에서의 인분비료사용(人糞肥料使用)의 폐지(廢止)와 국가경제(國家經濟)의 향상(向上)으로서 그 목적(目的)을 달성(達成)할 수 있게 된다. (4) 매개체(媒介體) 및 중간숙주(中間宿主)의 관리(管理)로서 토양(土壤)의 기생충오염방지, 식품위생(食品衛生), 곤충관리 그리고 패류관리(貝類管理) 등을 들 수 있다. (5) 비위생적(非衛生的) 태도(態度)와 폐습(弊習)의 개선(改善)으로서 기생충감염과 관계 있는 입분비료(入糞肥料)의 사용(使用), 식습관(食習慣) 및 개인위생(個人衛生) 등이 문제된다. (6) 화학예방(化學豫防) 및 예방접종(豫防接種)은 전술(前述)한 바와같은 전파예방(傳播豫防) 조치(措置)가 실패(失敗)하는 경우 체내(體內)에 침입(侵入)되는 기생충체를 체내(體內)의 방어력(防禦力)에 의(依)하여 그 감염(感染)의 성립(成立)과 성충에의 발육(發育)을 방지(防止)하려는 조치(措置)로서 이에 대(對)한 앞으로의 보다 적극적인 연구(硏究) 개발(開發)이 요망(要望)된다.