• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.794-805
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• 2003

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.125-135
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• 2024

Purpose: The updated ROME IV criteria for functional constipation (FC) in children were published in 2016. However, information on the use of these criteria is scarce. This study aimed to report the frequency of the use of the ROME IV criteria by Indonesian pediatricians and general practitioners (GPs) in FC management in infants and toddlers. Methods: An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted between November 2021 and March 2022. Results: A total of 248 respondents (183 pediatricians and 65 GPs) from 24 Indonesian provinces completed the survey. Most respondents reported an estimated prevalence of FC to be less than 5% both in infants and toddlers. On average, only 64.6% of respondents frequently used the ROME IV criteria. Pediatricians used the ROME IV criteria more often than GPs did (p<0.001). The most frequently used criteria were painful or hard bowel movements (75.0%) and ≤2 defecations/week (71.4%). Lactulose as a laxative was the preferred treatment choice, followed by changing the standard formula to a specific nutritional formula. Most of the respondents carried out parenteral reassurance and education. Normal growth, as a marker of good digestion and absorption function, and normal stool consistency and frequency were the most reported indicators of gut health. Conclusion: The ROME IV criteria for functional constipation are not extensively used by pediatricians and GPs in Indonesia. Laxatives and specific nutritional formulas were the most used management approaches in infants and toddlers. Medical education, especially for general practitioners, should be updated.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2003

In order to compare the sizes of infants;brands, the apparel size #70 and #80, #90 were surveyed, while upper body lengths, bust circumferences and waists, hip circumferences, shoulder length, sleeve length, neck circumferences of infants' underwears were examined. As a result, it was found that upper body lengths, chest circumferences and lower body lengths of infants' underwears differed more or by $2.0{\sim}3.0cm$ among brands than other sizes. In case of underwear size #70, the average upper body length was 32.8cm; the upper body size of "c" brand was longest or 33.5cm, while that of "e" brand was shortest or 32.0cm. In case of size #80, the average upper body length was 36.0cm; the upper body size of "a" brand was longest or 37.0cm, while that of "e" brand was shortest of 35.0cm. Such findings may be attributable to the fact that the main customers of "a" and "b" brands whose pattern sizes are larger are middle or lower class people who tend to buy larger infants' apparels than their children's actual body sizes. In contrast, "e" brand seems to target the upper class who prefers the apparels almost fitting their children's actual body sizes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12-24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12-24-month period using 2010-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12-24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0-5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14-16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.

• 대한감각통합치료학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2019

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 조산으로 출생한 영유아와 만삭아의 감각처리능력과 섭식의 차이를 비교하고 조산으로 출생한 영유아의 감각처리능력과 섭식의 상관관계를 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 대상자는 107명으로 조산아 51명, 만삭아 56명이었다. 감각처리능력을 평가하기 위해 영유아 감각프로파일 2(Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile 2; ITSP 2)를 사용하였고 섭식을 평가하기 위해 아동섭식행동평가(Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment; BPFAS)를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 21.0을 사용하여 분석하였다. 조산아와 만삭아의 차이를 알아보기 위하여 독립표본 t 검정을 사용하였으며, 조산아의 감각처리능력과 섭식의 상관관계를 알아보기 위해 Pearson 상관분석을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 조산아와 만삭아의 감각처리능력을 비교한 결과 감각특성 중 감각예민(p=.019), 하위영역 중 구강감각처리능력(p=.001)에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 또한 조산아와 만삭아의 섭식을 비교한 결과 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=.00). 조산아의 감각처리특성 중 감각회피(r=.443), 감각예민(r=.374)은 섭식빈도와 양의 상관관계를 보였고 감각처리 하위영역 중 일반적 행동(r=.390), 구강감각처리(r=.513)는 섭식빈도와 양의 상관관계를 보였으며 구강감각처리(r=.529)는 섭식문제와 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구는 조산아와 만삭아의 감각처리능력과 섭식에서 차이가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 조산아의 감각처리능력은 섭식과 상관관계가 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 조산아의 섭식을 이해하기 위해 감각처리능력이 중요하다는 근거를 제시하는데 의의가 있다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.99-111
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• 2023

본 연구는 광주 내 대형마트와 온라인 마켓에서 영유아를 대상으로 판매하는 과자류 80건 및 음료류 40건의 식품첨가물(타르색소, 인공감미료), 곰팡이독소 및 영양성분(자당, 무기질)을 분석하였다. 유아용 표시 식품의 기준 및 규격이 불검출로 설정된 타르색소와 사카린나트륨은 모든 시료에서 검출되지 않았다. 과자류(기타가공품) 1건에서 인공감미료인 아세설팜 칼륨이 0.07 g/kg 검출되었으나 이는 식품첨가물의 기준 및 규격에서 정한 허용 기준치 이하였다. 곰팡이독소는 아플라톡신 및 오크라톡신 A는 검출되지 않았으며, 푸모니신 B1, B2 및 제랄레논이 각각 과자류에서 14건(9.78-78.94 ㎍/kg), 6건(5.58-11.73 ㎍/kg) 및 9건(2.96-8.83 ㎍/kg) 검출되었다. 푸모니신에 대한 기준·규격은 따로 설정되어 있지 않았으나 타 연구 결과와 비교했을 때 비슷한 수준이었으며, 제랄레논은 식품 일반에 대한 공통 기준·규격 이내로 확인되었다. 자당은 과자류에서 65건(0.02-40.94 g/내용량(g)), 음료류에서 24건(0.12-27.60 g/내용량(g)) 검출되었으나 식품유형간 유의적인 차이는 없었으며, 타 연구 결과와 비교했을 때 그 함량도 적은 편이었다. 다만, 검출 시료 89건 중 1건을 제외하고는 모두 1일 영양성분 기준치를 성인 기준으로 표시하고 있었기 때문에 제품 구입 시 영유아 기준으로 오인될 우려가 있다. 무기질은 대부분의 시료에서 검출되었으며 과자류 중 4건의 시료에서 내용량 당 아연 함량이 상한섭취량(1-2세: 6 mg/일, 3-5세: 9 mg/일)을 초과하는 수준이었다. 아연 강화식품이나 보충제의 과다 섭취가 인체의 유해성을 보인다는 다수의 보고가 있으므로 섭취시 유의할 필요가 있다. 나트륨은 과자류 80건 중 16건이 영유아용 표시 식품의 기준을 초과하였으나 모두 품목제조보고서상 영유아 섭취 대상 식품으로 표시하지 않아 해당 기준을 적용할 수 없었다. 따라서 영유아용 표시 식품의 기준·규격을 설정과 함께 현재 시행되는 기준·규격이 알맞게 적용될 수 있도록 표시 기준 강화 등의 제도적 개선이 필요할 것으로 보인다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.15-32
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• 2001

This research was performed to examine the ratio of blindness to the child care environment and compare the evaluation of it among principals, teachers and mothers. Data were collected from questionnaires completed by respondents of this research were 37 principals, 37 teachers and 261 mothers of infants and toddlers at child care centers in Incheon, Korea. Cross tabulation, one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were utilized to analyze the data. In almost all of the items about the child care environment, mothers showed higher degrees of blindness than principals and teachers. In most of the items, mothers'evaluations were higher than those of principals and teachers. As a result, the researchers recognize a pressing need far programs far parents to improve the quality of child care.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.175-180
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• 2012

Early detection and intervention is critical in improving prognosis of developmental disorders. Developmental delay can have many different causes and the clinical features of developmental delay are diverse according to its etiologic causes and severity. The vast and rapid growth of the child's neurobehavioral repertoire from birth through adolescence requires the physician's abundant experience, knowledge, and understanding of development. Here, we summarize instruments for use in neurodevelopmental assessment of infants and toddlers, focusing on motor development, which is the most frequent complaint listed in the developmental clinic.

• 아동학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.75-94
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• 2015

The main purpose of this study was to examine the various aspects of logico-mathematical thinking and its development by observing a block building activity undertaken by infants and toddlers. The subjects comprised 73 young children from between the ages of 12- to 41-months-old. The interviewee was individually asked to build "something tall", making use of 20 blocks. The results of this study were, first, a regular increase by age is seen in congruence, the vertical use of flat blocks, and innovative ways of using triangular blocks. Second, many types of logico-mathematical thinking processes, such as classification, seriation, spatial relationship and temporal relationship, were shown during the block building activities on the part of the 12- to 41-months-olds who took part in this study.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is presented playground space for early childhood facilities. Describes whether any development of children, and how to respond in accordance with each of the activities. The infants and toddlers life cycle is a continuation of play. Toddlers to play is the essence of life itself, through play, the world embracing and digestive, raising ideas and emotions expressed through play. It is time that paves the growth of infants age children. And equipped with personality, values, emotions, attitudes, play a very important role in this process. Play it delivers, it can not learning education. Sympathetic and experience through play, and be equipped to allow the personality, social, physical. So, we have an obligation required to provide adequate facilities and play so that children can grow properly. In this paper, from the limited play space and is listed on the importance alive to give the children a sense of space to get the sympathetic. And, analysis shown about affect for children each play, and space. In this paper, we performed a study is Performed a case studies of and domestic kindergarten and foreign kindergarten where the differences between the various lists and how to derive a plan for solving the problem by comparison and analysis were performed.