• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.24-35
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• 2014

This paper examines, from the perspective of the structure-conduct-performance (S-C-P) paradigm, the structural factors that determine R&D concentration in industries. The results are as follows. First, an industry's R&D concentration is directly related to its market concentration, R&D intensity, capital intensity, and technological opportunities. In contrast, the higher an industry's performance, the more likely the diffusion of R&D investment is for firms belonging to that industry. Second, an industry's R&D concentration has a positive effect on its market concentration but a negative effect on its performance, suggesting that governments should adopt R&D policies that would induce more firms to invest in R&D instead of focusing only on a few firms to enhance industry performance.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.93-109
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• 2021

Purpose - The logistics industry is often featured by its location relevance and industrial concentration. Industrial concentration is conducive to the effective transmission of information by reducing transaction costs and improving transaction efficiency, thus promoting the development of trade. The main purpose of this paper is to measure the spatial total factor productivity and location quotient of the logistics industry in Korea, and to study the impact of the logistics industry efficiency and agglomeration effect on import and export trade in Korea. Design/methodology - First, used the spatial stochastic frontier method to measure the spatial total factor productivity of the logistics industry in Korea, this serves as the efficiency index of the logistics industry in various regions of Korea. Second, calculated the location quotient (LQ) of the logistics industry to measure the industry's concentration degree. Third, employed a spatial econometric model to analyze the impacts of factors such as the efficiency and concentration levels of the logistics industry on import and export trade in Korea. Findings - This study's main findings can be summarized as follows: this study found that the overall efficiency of the logistics industry in Korea needs to be improved, even though it showed an upward trend in all regions of the country; Moreover, the agglomeration level of Korea's logistics industry needs to be improved; Finally, the positive spatial correlation and industrial agglomeration effect of Korea's logistics industry had a positive impact on the country's import and export trade. Originality/value - This study is innovative in terms of research perspective and methods. Most of the previous studies have measured the development level of the logistics industry using the logistics performance index (LPI), Fewer studies have assessed through the spatial total factor productivity and location quotient of the logistics industry in Korea to measure the efficiency index of the logistics industry in various regions of Korea and concentration degree, as well as there was almost no study on the impact of logistics industry efficiency and agglomeration effect on import and export trade in Korea. This study addresses this limitation by analyzing the impacts of the efficiency and agglomeration effect of the logistics industry on import and export trade in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.5267-5272
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• 2015

This paper analyzes the relationship between the industry bank loan concentration and its risk using the Korean bank loan data. We focused on the construction and real estate industry which are controversial on the non performing loans. We used the construction or leasing real estate industry bank loan ratio of the corporate bank loan as the bank loan concentration proxies. The bank risk are measured as the equity capital rate or the size of non performing loans. According to the results of this research, the preceding bank loan ration of the construction industry or the leasing real estate industry decreases the non performing loans and increases the equity capital rate. The bank loan concentration to the specific industry may not increase bank risk. The bank loan concentration may decrease the information asymmetry and improve the screening abilities the non performing loans. We suggest that the bank loan concentration on the construction or leasing real estate industry in the Korean economy may not directly connected to the bank risk.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.59-65
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• 2020

For monitoring the status of industrial accidents, many statistical indexes have been developed and applied such as fatal rate, frequency rate, and severity rate. These accident indexes are measured by frequency and loss time according to the accidents in the individual industry level. However, it is less considered to use the index of identifying the industrial concentration of accidents in the holistic view. Thus, this study aims to suggest the accident concentration level among domestic industries through index analysis. The concentration level of industrial accidents is calculated by the accident composition of sub-industries. This concentration level shows whether an industry is comprised of a few sub-industries generating more accidents or an industry consists of sub-industries having the similar number of accidents. To this end, the concentration rate (CR) and concentration index (CI) are proposed to take a look at the industry composition of accidents by embracing the concept of market concentration indexes such as Hirschman-Herfindahl Index. As for the case study, four industries of mining, manufacturing, transportation, and other business (usually service) are analyzed in terms of indexes of accident rate, death(fatality) rate, and CR and CI of accident and death. Finally, we illustrate the positioning map that the accident concentration level is compared with the traditional accident frequency level among industries.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-21
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• 2019

The objective of this study is three-fold: to investigate the relationship between information technology (IT) investment and inventory turnover, using 98 U.S. firms spanning eleven years (from 1999 to 2009); to analyze the correlation of inventory turnover with firm and industry characteristics, where vertical integration and growth options are chosen to reflect the features of the firm's internal characteristics, and industry dynamism and industry concentration are selected to represent the industry's competitive environment; and to examine time trends in inventory turnover. The significant findings include the following: (i) both IT investment and growth options have a positive impact on inventory turnover; (ii), but vertical integration and industry concentration have a negative impact on inventory turnover; (iii) the impact of industry dynamism on inventory turnover positive; and (iv) the time trends in inventory turnover and 'adjusted inventory turnover' have been increased during the sample period from 1999 to 2009.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate the coke oven emissions (COE) and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon levels in coke manu-facturing industry, secondary lead smelting industry and glass bottle manufacturing industry. 1. There were no significant difference between the means of personal samples and area samples by the types of industry(p>0.05). The levels of airborne total particulates of the secondary lead smelting industry was the highest($2.30mg/m^3$), and those of the coke manu-facturing industry and glass bottle manu facturing industry were $1.95mg/m^3$ and $1.37mg/m^3$. The concentration of COE was the highest in the glass bottle manufacturing industry($0.79mg/m^3$), and in order of $0.19mg/m^3$ in the coke manufacturing industry and $0.06mg/m^3$ in the secondary lead smelting industry. COE/total particulates(%) was highest in the glass bottle manufacturing industry(58.1%) and in order of 10.3% in the coke manufacturing industry and 3.1% in secondary lead smelting industry. There were significant differences in the total particle concentration and COE by the types of industry(p<0.05). 2. The levels of airborne total particulates was the highest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting industry($2.30{\pm}0.72mg/m^3$), and the lowest at the smelting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry ($0.99{\pm}1.22mg/m^3$) Concentration of COE was the highest at the casting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry ($1.09{\pm}1.15mg/m^3$), the lowest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting industry ($0.06{\pm}0.03mg/m^3$). The COE/total particulates(%) was the highest at the casting process of glass bottle manufacturing industry($65.9{\pm}20.5%$), and the lowest at the smelting process of secondary lead smelting indusry($3.1{\pm}2.7%$). 3. There were positive correlations between level of The airborne total particulates and concentration of COE in coke manufacturing industry and glass bottle manufacturing industry (p<0.05), but negative correlation in secondary lead smelting industry. 4. The numbers of case and rates that over the Threshold Limit Values(TLVs) were 24 (77.4%)cases in glass bottle manufacture, 14(23.7%) cases in the coke manufacturing industry and no one case in secondary lead smelting industry. Total numbers of case and rates that over TLVs were 38( 35.5%) cases. 5. The limit of detection(LOD) for PAH was $10{\mu}g/ml$ in standard sample. All PAH levels of the cokes manufacturing industry and the secondary lead smelting industry and the glass bottle manufacturing industry were trace or not to detect.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 2016

This paper examines market concentration and its effect on competition in the Chinese commercial banking market. This study also investigates how changes in competition have affected the financial stability of Chinese commercial banks. To test the competitive conditions, we obtained the H statistic of the Panzar-Rosse model from a revenue function equation. The degree of financial stability is estimated by the Z-score formula. The Chinese banking industry has become an increasingly less concentrated market with an increased number of banks. Along with a decreased market concentration, competition in the Chinese banking industry has improved moderately. However, its market structure is still far from a competitive market. An individual bank's ability to earn higher markup or charge a higher net interest margin contributes to its financial soundness, although a higher degree of market concentration may have negative effect on the financial stability of the entire banking system.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.27-44
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• 1976

This study was carried out to evaluate the harmful factors in working environments and to investigate the labor productivity after improvement of environments, surveying 93 industrial establishments of 10 industries located in Youngdeungpo industrial area in Seoul. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The highest noise level of 125dB(A) was indicated at the rolling process of transport equipment manufacturing industry. 2) The best illumination level was shown in precise machinery industry and the worst was indicated in rubber products, metallic products and transport equipment manufacturing industries. 3) Thermal conditions were above threshold limit value (TLV) at more than two processes of all industries except printing industry. 4) The highest dust concentration was determined in textile and wearing manufacturing industry. 5) Organic solvents were detected at 52 processes in 93 industrial establishments and 33 processes of them showed higher than TLV. The results about harmful chemicals were as follows: a) sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$)was determined higher than TLV on welding process of metallic product manufacturing industry and heat treatment process of transport equipment manufacturing industry. b) Carbon monoxide (CO) concentration was 700ppm at heat treatment process of transport equipment manufacturing industry, indicating 14 times of TLV. c) vinylchloride concentration in the air of PVC raw material mixing process and PVC preparation process of chemical product manufacturing industry was determined higher than TLV. d) Hydrochloride (HCl) concentration in the air of wire expanding process of transport equipment manufacturing industry was determined higher than TLV. 7) Higher values of lead concentration than TLV were determined at lead welding metallic product manufacturing industry and type planting process of process of printing industry, $1.8mg/m^3$ and $0.3mg/m^3$ respectively. 9) 22, 968 of 52, 855 workers (i.e. 43.5%) in 93 industries were exposed to various harmful agents. 10) It was found that the improvement of illumination in electric apparatus manufacturing industry (from 20~40 lux to 420 lux) resulted in an increase in productivity of 6.5% per capita and a decrease in faulty products of 19%. 11) Improvement of environments using local exhaust ventilation system resulted in a decrease of harmful substances lower than TLV and an increase in productivity of 11.4%. 12) Improvement of shovelling tools based on ergonomics resulted in a reduction in energy expenditure of 25.3% and an increase in productivity of 32.2% per capita.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.173-195
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• 2013

This study is to analyze the impact of the absorptive capacity and information technology (IT) on firms' innovation. The absorptive capacity is measured by R&D investment intensity, R&D manpower concentration, and the firm's size. We try to see the interaction effects between the absorptive capacity and IT usage on firms' innovation. We also look into the differences of the impacts between manufacturing industry and service industry as well as IT industry and service industry. We found that IT and R&D intensity have stronger interaction effect on innovation in manufacturing industry than in service industry, which shows that IT plays a more important role in the accumulation of knowledge in R&D activity in manufacturing industry. Contrarily, in service industry, IT and R&D manpower concentration has significant interaction effects on innovation. This means that the role of IT in service industry is sharing knowledge and experiences among employees in service industry. The interaction effect between firm's size and IT has positive impact on innovation in manufacturing industry, while it has negative impact on innovation in service industry. Finally, we found that the interaction effect is statistically significant in non-IT industry, while it is not statistically significant in IT industry.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.265-271
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate distribution of lead particles by operation of industry, to evaluate the effect of particle size on the absorption to workers, and to recommend the Occupational Health Standard for lead. Total lead concentrations in the secondary smelting industry were higher than those in the battery and litharge manufacturing industry. Total lead concentrations in other industries except radiator manufacturing industry exceeded the standard of $50{\mu}g/m^3$. Only radiator manufacturing industry indicated lead concentrations significantly lower than those in other industries(p<0.05). Average blood lead level of workers was $85.1{\mu}g/dl$ in secondary smelting manufacturing, $51.3{\mu}g/dl$ in the battery manufacturing, and below $40{\mu}g/dl$ in the litharge and radiator manufacturing industry. Blood lead levels of workers by industry were significantly different(p<0.05). From relationship between airborne lead concentrations by size and lead in blood, confidence limits of airborne lead concentration equivalent to $40{\mu}g/dl$ of permissible limit in blood, was $147.9-489.8{\mu}g/m^3$ as total lead and $28.8-79.4{\mu}g/m^3$ as ACGIH-RPM. It is recommended that two separate occupational health standards for lead should be established by particle size. Airborne concentration of $150{\mu}g/m^3$ as fatal lead dust and $30{\mu}g/m^3$ as respirable lead dust was recommended.