• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.5675-5682
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• 2014

As oral diseases are developed by mixed infections, not by any single element, an accurate analysis of the causative microorganisms related to dental caries and periodontal diseases is required. In this study, saliva was collected from selected adults to determine if the bacteria that are well known as the causative microorganisms of dental caries and periodontal diseases would be detected in their saliva. In addition, this study examined whether there would be any differences among adults according to age, smoking, drinking and presence or absence of diseases in the distribution of oral bacteria to determine the risk factors for oral bacteria. The study subjects were 120 adults ranging in age from 20 to 65 years. The experiment data was collected from March 15, to May 2014. The gDNA was collected from the saliva, and the distribution of bacteria for oral diseases was investigated by PCR. The findings of the study were as follows. S. mutans was detected from 72 adults, and P. intermedia was detected from 88 adults. Both bacteria were detected from 54 adults, and no oral bacteria was detected in 14 adults. An analysis of the risk factors of oral bacteria showed that smokers had a 2.8-fold higher risk of S. mutans than nonsmokers, and the former had a 3.5-fold higher risk of P. intermedia than the latter. Drinkers had a 3.3-fold higher risk of S. mutans than nondrinkers. Patients who suffered from systemic diseases had a 4.1-fold higher risk of P. intermedia than those with no diseases. Therefore, smoking, drinking and systemic diseases are factors that increase the likelihood of oral bacteria detection. More periodontal disease bacteria were detected from older adults, and more oral bacteria were found in adults who were in their 20s, as dental caries and periodontal diseases were more common in this age group. The adults in which oral bacteria were detected are more likely to have dental caries or periodontal diseases, and they should try to keep their mouth cavity clean and make regular visits to a dental clinic to prevent possible oral diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.6973-6979
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• 2014

To mitigate global warming and climate change, many countries are investing massively on the development of CCS technology, which is assumed to be the key technology to reduce $CO_2$ emissions. CCS technology is comprised of the capture, transport, and storage processes. During the capture process, impurities other than $CO_2$ are inevitably flowed into the $CO_2$ stream. In the present study, corrosion characteristics of a phosphate coated tube for $CO_2$ transportation was investigated with a $CO_2$ stream composed of $CO_2$, $H_2O$, $SO_2$, and $NO_2$. The test specimen was a phosphate coated steel tube, which was filled with $CO_2$ stream with the impurities mentioned above. SEM-EDS analysis is conducted to investigate the corrosion behavior. The results showed that although the H2O concentration did not exceed the solubility limit, corrosion occurred in the specimen, which has an inflow of $SO_2$ or $NO_2$. This suggests that the $SO_2$, $NO_2$ and $H_2O$ concentration should be strictly controlled. These results suggest that the $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ concentration should be controlled below 175ppm and 65ppm, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6958-6965
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• 2014

This study examined the occurring pattern of potential risky species and the related abiotic factors for port-specific environmental management considering the control of ballast water-induced foreign species at Incheon seaport. From a total of 62 species observed during the study, 13 red-tide and 7 toxic phytoplankton, normally occurring species in Korean waters, occurred from the seasonal investigation at the inner and outer sites of the Incheon seaport from 2007 to 2009. The number of potential risky phytoplankton was relatively high at the outer site of the port during summer and winter. Red-tide species, such as Skeletonema spp., Thalassiosira nordenskioldii, and Paralia sulcata, dominated the total standing crops at the inner site (avg. 72.4%) and outer site (avg. 77.6%) in spring and summer, being positively correlated with the concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS) and pH (p<0.05). In summer, the red-tide species (Skeletonema spp.) and toxic species (Alexandrium catenella, A. tamarense, Dinophysis acuminata and Pseudo-nitzschia spp.) co-dominated (avg. 74.2%) at the inner site, while Skeletonema spp. and P. sulcata predominated (avg. 67.2%) at the outer site. During the study periods, the toxic species were significantly and positively correlated with the chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved inorganic nitrogen, silicate and phosphate (p < 0.05). The chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration of phytoplankton at the outer site ranged from 1.49 to $5.46{\mu}g/L$ on average, which was 3-5 times higher than that at the inner site in spring, summer and autumn, whereas there was no difference in the concentration between inner (avg. $0.94{\mu}g/L$) and outer (avg. $0.95{\mu}g/L$) sites in winter. In summary, diverse red-tide species dominated and a relatively high chl-a concentration existed at the outer site, whereas a relatively high number of toxic species and low chl-a concentration was observed at the inner site in summer. The potential risky species can outbreak in association with the concentration of nutrients, COD and TSS, suggesting that distinctive management of potential risky species is needed considering the environmental characteristics of Incheon seaport.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.262-268
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• 2017

The energy consumption of buildings is approximately 20.5% of the total energy consumption, and the interest in energy efficiency and low consumption of the building is increasing. Several studies have performed energy analysis and evaluation. Energy analysis and evaluation are effective when applied in the initial design phase. In the initial design phase, however, the energy performance is evaluated using general level information, such as glazing area and surface area. Therefore, the evaluation results of the detailed design stage, which is based on the drawings, including detailed information of the materials and facilities, will be different. Thus far, most studies have reported the analysis and evaluation at the detailed design stage, where detailed information about the materials installed in the building becomes clear. Therefore, it is possible to improve the accuracy of the energy environment analysis if the energy environment information generated during the life cycle of the building can be established and accurate information can be provided in the analysis at the initial design stage using a probability / statistical method. On the other hand, historical data on energy use has not been established in Korea. Therefore, this study performed energy environment analysis to construct the energy environment historical data. As a result of the research, information classification system, information model, and service model for acquiring and providing energy environment information that can be used for building lifecycle information of buildings are presented and used as the basic data. The results can be utilized in the historical data management system so that the reliability of analysis can be improved by supplementing the input information at the initial design stage. If the historical data is stacked, it can be used as learning data in methods, such as probability / statistics or artificial intelligence for energy environment analysis in the initial design stage.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.625-636
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• 2017

Dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes are well-established risk factors for cardio-cerebrovascular disease (CVD). Although the prevalence of dyslipidemia among Korean adults is very high, its management is known to be poor. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control rates of dyslipidemia among adults aged 30 years and older in Gangwon-do, Korea. Analysis included 58,121 adults (29,123 males and 28,998 females) participating in the 2013-2014 Korea National Health Screening Program (KNHSP). Dyslipidemia was defined according to the treatment criteria rather than the diagnostic criteria in Korea. Therefore, high-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)-cholesterolemia was deemed present in individuals with LDL-cholesterol levels that exceeded the appropriate risk-based threshold. The age-standardized prevalence was highest in dyslipidemia (32.5%), followed by hypertension (25.1%), and diabetes (9.4%). The awareness rate was 76.7% for hypertension and 74.7% for diabetes, but only 10.6% for dyslipidemia. The lowest patient treatment was found for dyslipidemia (9.4%). The control rate among those undergoing treatment was highest for hypertension (75.8), followed by dyslipidemia (63.3%), and diabetes (43.9%). The higher CVD-risk categories showed lower control rates of hyper-LDL-cholesterolemia. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher than hypertension and diabetes, but awareness and treatment rates were lower. Our findings indicate there is a wide gap between the prevalence of dyslipidemia and subsequent treatment, which suggests that effective strategies are required to improve dyslipidemia management. It would be worthwhile to strengthen the follow-up management of patients with dyslipidemia in the KNHSP, especially for the high risk group of CVD.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.529-535
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• 2016

In this theoretical study, the strength parameters of the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion were set to equal values, in order to analyze the correlation among the parameters. The Drucker-Prager strength parameters ${\alpha}$ and k were represented by the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters c and ${\phi}$. Specifically it can be seen that k is function of c, ${\phi}$ and ${\alpha}$ is function of ${\phi}$ alone. Drucker-Prager strength parameter ${\alpha}$ increases as the internal friction angle of soil increases. ${\alpha}_{av}$ which is the average of ${\alpha}_c$ and ${\alpha}_i$ was proportional to internal friction angle in which ${\alpha}_c$ and ${\alpha}_i$ are ${\alpha}$ values corresponding to the circles of the Drucker-Prager yield cirteria circumscribes and inscribes the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion respectively. The values of the ${\alpha}_{av}$ was 0.07 and 0.29 which correspond to the internal friction angle of $10^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ respectively. In addition, value of ${\alpha}_c/{\alpha}_i$ was proportional to internal friction angle of soil and the values of ${\alpha}_c/{\alpha}_i$ 1.12 and 1.62 which corresponds to internal friction angle of $10^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ respectively.The influence of the Mohr-Coulomb strength parameters on the Drucker-Prager strength parameter k was investigated and it was found that k was mainly influenced by the cohesion of the soil, except in the case of the minimum assumed value of c of 10kPa. The deviator stresses, $S_{c0}$ and $S_{t0}$, which correspond to the cases of the Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion under uniaxial compression and uniaxial tension, respectively, and $S_{0(ave)}$, which is the average value of $S_{c0}$ and $S_{t0}$, decrease as the internal friction angle increases. Furthermore, the hexagon, which represents the Mohr-Coulomb yield locus, becomes more irregular, and the deviations of $S_{c0}$ and $S_{t0}$ from $S_{0(ave)}$ also increase, as the internal friction angle increases.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.301-310
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• 2016

This is a nonequivalent control group non-synchronized experiment research to verify the effect of moxibustion therapy on efficient management of daily living disabilities and sleep patterns in elderly women with chronic low back pain. Total 12 sessions of moxibustion therapy were applied to elderly women(30 subjects in an experimental group and 30 subjects in a control group) in G City once a week for 12 weeks from March 15th to May $31^{st}$ 2015. Then the follow-up study was conducted 2 weeks after the post survey. For moxibustion, was applied to Shen-shu, Ashi point, Ta chang shu, Yang kuan and Yosu. 5 sheets of moxibustion were applied to 7 acupuncture points of Mugeukboyang moxibustion; Zu san li & Chu chi, Chung wan, Chung chi & Shui tao, Fei shu, Kao hung and Tien shu, Wijung respectively and experimental treatment was conducted. For assessing the degree of back pain, Visual Analog Scale(VAS) developed by Scott & Huskisson(1979) was used and for measuring the degree of daily living disability, Oswestry Disability Index, which was developed by Fairbank et al(1980) and translated and revised by Yim, Hyeon-sul et al.(1998), was used. For measuring sleep patterns, the sleep pattern measurement tool developed by Oh, Jin-su, Song, Mi-soon and Kim, Sin-mi(1998) was used. For data analysis, SPSS/WIN 18.0 was employed and Chi-square test, t-test and repeated measures ANOVA were performed. There were significant differences in pain score(F=2510.32, p<.001), daily living disability score(F=1937.82, p<.001) and sleep pattern score((F=15.54, p<.001) of elderly women that were provided with moxibustion therapy, compared to the control group. Therefore, it was found that moxibustion therapy made a positive contribution to reduction in pain and daily living disabilities and improvement in sleep quality. Based on this study finding, there is a need to apply moxibustion therapy to elderly people with chronic low back pain as a nursing intervention in future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2287-2300
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• 2015

This study examined the spatio-temporal distributions of the phytoplankton community in the coastal waters of Gogunsan Islands (CoWGIs), West Sea of Korea, from January to September 2011. A total of 104 species of phytoplankton belonging to 56 genera were identified. This was low compared to the surrounding seas of the West Sea. In particular, diatoms and dinoflagellates comprised 60.5% and 34.6%, respectively, and it was most diverse in autumn. The standing crops fluctuated from $9.6{\times}10^4cells/L$ to $1.0{\times}10^7cells/L$. This was high in winter and summer and low in spring and autumn. The seasonal dominant species were Skeletonema costatum-like species, Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii, Dactyliosolen fragillisimus, and Chaetoceros debilis in winter, Guinardia delicatula in spring, Eucampia zodiacus, Cylindrotheca closterium, Ch. debilis, and Ch. curvisetus in summer, and S. costatum-like species, Ch. debilis, Ch. curvisetus, G. delicatula, and Leptocylindrus danicus in autumn. The total number of autochthonous and tychopelagic species was 39 species. This showed a 1/3 (33.3%) decrease compared to the 1980's. The chlorophyll a concentration fluctuated from $3.82{\mu}g/L$ in autumn to $13.36{\mu}g/L$ in summer. The bio-oceanographic characteristics of the CoWGIs based on principle component analysis (PCA) showed that it was dominated by the Saemangeum water mass in the high temperature season and by the Geum River water mass in the low temperature season. In other words, there has been a conversion to a closed inner bay followed by the dramatic progress of eutrophication, even in the CoWGIs after completion of the Saemangeum embankment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.496-503
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• 2016

To analyze an infinite slope that is reinforced with stabilizing piles, the forces on the stabilizing pile were estimated by the theory of plastic deformation and the theory of plastic flow and the effects of diverse factors on the factor of safety of an infinite slope were investigated. According to the results of the analyses, the factor of the safety of the slope reinforced with stabilized piles were increased tremendously and the factor of safety decreased as the center to center distance of the stabilizing pile increased. The effect of the existence of seepage of the infinite slope with stabilizing piles on the factor of safety appears to be insignificant. Considering the formulated factor of safety of an infinite slope with stabilizing piles, the width and length of the element of the infinite slope and force on the stabilizing pile influence the factor of safety of the infinite slope with a stabilizing pile including the soil strength parameter, inclination of the slope and depth of the slope, which are important for calculating the factor of safety of a non-reinforced infinite slope. The factor of safety of an infinite slope with stabilizing piles derived from the theory of plastic deformation were increased significantly with the internal friction angle of the soil, and the minimum and the maximum factor of safety under the conditions considered in this study were 13.7 and 65.6, respectively. As the diameter of the stabilizing pile increased, the forces on the stabilizing pile also increased but the factor of safety of the infinite slope with stabilizing piles decreased due to the effects of the width and the length of the element of the infinite slope. The factor of safety of the infinite slope with stabilizing piles derived from plastic flow were much larger than that of the non-reinforced infinite slope and the factor safety of the infinite slope with a stabilizing pile increased with increasing product of the flow velocity and plastic viscosity ( ) and the factor of safety of the infinite slope with stabilizing piles decreased with increasing center to center distance of the pile.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.198-204
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• 2016

This research studied the relevance of oral symptoms and fear to find solutions for prevention and treatment at the right time. The study was conducted over a three-month period from September to November 2015. College students who lived in the region of Busan were surveyed, and the data from 288 respondents were analyzed. The female students felt a higher level of fear in every item than the males. To be specific, there were statistically significant differences in postponing the appointment (p=0.014), tension during treatment (p=0.001), dread when making the appointment (p=0.001), dread upon arrival (p=0.001), dread in the waiting room (p=0.001), dread of dental smells (p=0.006), dread while undergoing anesthesia (p<0.001), dread when receiving an injection (p<0.001), dread when looking at a tool for tooth preparation (p<0.001), dread of the sound of a tool for tooth preparation (p<0.001), dread of the feelings of tooth preparation (p<0.001), dread during scaling(p<0.001), and apprehension about the entire treatment (p<0.001). Concerning the fear level according to oral symptom awareness, the respondents with dental caries experienced a higher level of fear in terms of treatment avoidance (p=0.001), physiological reactions (p=0.001) and overall Dental Fear Survey (DFS)(p=0.003), and the students whose teeth were broken had a higher level of fear in terms of treatment avoidance (p=0.010), stimulus factors (p=0.031) and overall DFS (P=0.019). The students who had a missing tooth felt a higher level of fear in terms of physiological reactions (p=0.019) and overall DFS (p=0.033), and the respondents with gingival pain felt a higher level of pain in terms of the stimulus factors (p=0.013) and overall DFS (p=0.034). Therefore, college students should be educated to visit a dental clinic when they are aware of any oral symptom, and methods to reduce the stimulus factors as much as possible should be considered carefully to relieve dental fear.