• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1985

Three mild mutant strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were isolated from Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun incubated at $38^{\circ}C$ for 10 days after inoculation with a wild type of TMV-OM strain. They were designated into Tg 5272, Tw 227 and Tw 333. All mild strains could be distinguished from TMV-OM by their reactions on different indicator plants. The mild strains induced the mild mottling without distinct symptoms, whereas the wild strain produced severe mosaic, rugose and stunting on tobacco and red pepper plants. Tw 227 and Tw 333 produced smaller necrotic spots than those of Tg 5272 and TMV-OM on N. glutinosa and Datura stramonium. The former two strains also produced ring spots and mosaic on Gomphrena globosa compared with necrotic spots by the latter strains. Three mild strains were serologically identical to TMV-OM. Their physical properties were thermal inactivation point $80-85^{\circ}C$, dilution end point between $10^{-4}\;and\;10^{-6}$, and longevity in vitro 7days or longer. Ultraviolet absorption spectra of purified preparations of the mild strains and TMV-OM were identical, with a minimum at 247nm, a maximum at 260nm, and a slight shoulder at 290nm. Electrophoresis of the strains in polyacrylamide-agarose gel showed that all the strains formed one major band and two minor bands, except for one minor band of Tw 333. However, when sodium dodecyl sulfate was added to the purified viruses before electrophoresis, each strain formed only one major band.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2007

To search for a molecular design of a new breast cancerous inhibitory active compound, 2D-QSAR and HQSAR between the substituents of flavopiridol analogues as substrates and their breast cancerous inhibitory activities against MCF-7 cell were analyzed and discussed quantitatively. It was found that the dispersion with molecule and steric hindrance with substituents will have a tremendous impact on the inhibitory activities from the 2D-QSAR model (1). Also, MR constant is better than that of MS constant as animportant factor. The inhibitory activities from 2D-QSAR model (2) were dependent upon the optimum MR constant (MR = 126 $Cm^3/mol$). Optimized HQSAR model (V) exhibited the best predictability of the inhibitory activities based on the cross-validated $r^2_{cv}$($q^2$= 0.583) and non-cross-validated conventional coefficient ($r^2_{ncv}$= 0.982). From the contribution maps, the inhibitory activity by the imino group on $C_9$ atom was higher than that of the hydroxyl group of $C_8$ atom on the A ring in molecule. Therefore, we can confirm that the dispersion by substituents in molecule is the most important factor in inhibitory activities against MCF-7 cell.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 1999

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether radiation adaptive response could be induced by Tc-99m-methylene diphosphonate (Tc-99m-MDP) in peripheral lymphocytes of patients undergoing bone scintigraphy. Materials and Methods: Lymphocytes from 22 patients (6 males, 16 females, mean age $50{\pm}14$ years) were collected before and after bone scintigraphy using 740 MBq Tc-99m-MDP Lymphocytes from 10 controls (6 males, 4 females, mean age $43{\pm}7$ years) were also collected. They were exposed to challenge dose of 2 Gy gamma rays using a cell irradiator. Number of ring-form and dicentric chromosomes per 600 cells (chromosomal aberrations) was counted under the light microscope. Results: Chromosomal aberrations in patients before bone scintigraphy ($385.1{\pm}30.5$) was not different from that of controls ($367.8{\pm}36.6$). However, chromosomal aberrations in patients after bone scintigraphy was significantly decreased to $192.6{\pm}22.1$ (p=0.0001). Conclusion: Low dose gamma-irradiation by Tc-99m-MDP used for bone scintigraphy induces a cytogenetic adaptive response in peripheral lymphocytes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.66-71
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• 2016

Delphinidin is a blue-red pigment and one of the major anthocyanins in plants. It plays an important role in anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer properties. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of delphinidin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression, an important factor involved in angiogenesis and tumor progression in human prostate cancer. Delphinidin decreased levels of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced VEGF mRNA expression in PC-3M cells. The expression of the EGF-induced hypoxia inducible factor-$1{\alpha}$ (HIF-$1{\alpha}$) and signaling transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) proteins, which are the major transcription factors for VEGF, were inhibited by delphinidin. In addition, delphinidin decreases HRE-promoter reporter gene activity, suggesting that delphinidin can suppress the transcription of HIF-$1{\alpha}$ under EGF induction, leading to a decrease in the expression of VEGF. Delphinidin specifically suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt, p70S6K, and 4EBP1, but not the phosphorylation of EGFR. Therefore, our results suggest that delphinidin may inhibit human prostate cancer progression and angiogenesis by inhibiting HIF-$1{\alpha}$, STAT3 and VEGF gene expression.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.435-443
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• 2018

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) functions as a metabolic master through regulating and restoring cellular energy balance. In skeletal muscle, AMPK increases myofibril protein degradation through the expression of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases. Mori Folium, the leaf of Morus alba, is a traditional medicinal herb with various pharmacological functions; however, the effects associated with muscle atrophy have not been fully identified. In this study, we confirmed the effects of AMPK activation by examining the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an activator of AMPK, on the induction of atrophy and expression of atrophy-related genes in C2C12 myotubes. We also investigated the effects of the ethanol extract of Mori Folium (EEMF) on the recovery of AICAR-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. It was found that exposure to AICAR resulted in the stimulation of Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a); an up-regulation of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases such as Muscle Atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/atrogin-1 and muscle RING finger-1 (MuRF1), and a down-regulation of muscle-specific transcription factors, such as MyoD and myogenin; with the activation of AMPK. In addition, AICAR without cytotoxicity indicated a decrease in diameter of C2C12 myotubes. However, treatment with EEMF significantly suppressed AICAR-induced muscle atrophy of C2C12 myotubes in a dose-dependent manner as confirmed by a decrease in myotube diameter, which is associated with a reversed stimulation of FOXO3a by the inhibition of AMPK activation. These results indicate that the activation of AMPK by AICAR induces muscle atrophy, and EEMF has preeminent effects on the inhibition of AICAR-induced muscle atrophy through the AMPK signaling pathway.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.242-251
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to isolate a photosensitizer from Pueraria thunbergiana leaves that induces apoptosis in SK-HEP-1 cells. Column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were used to isolate active compounds from extracts of P. thunbergiana leaves. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and FAB-mass spectroscopy. A substance, named M4-3, was purified from the leaves of P. thunbergiana using various chromatography methods, and the absorbance of the substance was measured. The absorbance was highest at 410 nm, suggesting that the M4-3 substance was a different compound from chlorophyll a and b, which absorb at 410, 502, 533, and 607 nm. Further analyses revealed that the M4-3 compound was a $13^2$-hydoxy pheophorbide, a methyl ester with a molecular weight of 662. M4-3 was identified as a derivative compound of pheophorbide, with a structure that magnesium comes away from the porphyrin ring. The results of the analysis of the cytotoxicity of the M4-3 substance against the SK-HEP-1 cells revealed that it inhibited rates of cell growth by 40% and 80% at a concentration of 0.04 ${\mu}M$ and 0.08 ${\mu}M$, respectively. The M4-3 compound was found to be a photosensitizer for cytotoxicity because it was appeared only in light condition as examining activity in different irradiation conditions (light condition and nonlight condition) under the same concentration. Analysis of morphological changes in the cells following cell death induced by exposure to the M4-3 substance reveled representative phenomena of apoptosis (nuclear condensation, vesicle formation, and fragmentation of DNA). The induction of apoptosis was attributed to the compound's photodynamic activity.