• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.314-327
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• 1999

This study was investigated to isolate identify the total bacteria and fungi from the indoor air of work-place of the shoes, paint, stainless steel, and plastic industries. The number of bacterial colonies on the nutrient agar plates were calculated by the open petridish method for 30 minutes in indoor air of work-places at the autumn and winter. The isolated bacteria were identified by Gram stain and biochemical test using API Staph and API 20E kits. The isolated fungal colonies were identified by gross appearance of the giant colonies and microscopic examination of their spore and hyphal characteristics on the slide culture method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of several antibiotics against isolated bacteria was determined by the microdilution method with Mueller-Hinton broth. The 70-400 colonies in autumn and 54-236 colonies in winter were isolated from the indoor air of work-places of several industry. The isolation rates of Gram positive cocci, Gram positive bacilli, Gram negative bacilli, and Gram negative cocci were 46.3%, 19.8%, 17.3%, and 16.1%, respectively. In Gram positive cocci, the most strains were identified as Aerococcus spp, Micrococcus spp, and Staphylococcus spp. In Gram positive and negative bacilli, and Gram negative cocci were identified as Bacillus spp, Pseudomonas spp, and Neisseria spp, respectively. The frequently isolated fungi were Aspergillus spp, Penicillium spp and Rhizopus spp, respectively. The frequently isolated Aerococcus spp, Micrococcus spp, and Staphylococus spp were highly resistance against ampicillin, erythromycin, methicillin, and tetracycline. These results arouse our attention to microbiologic pollution in the indoor air of work-places of industries.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.36-45
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to examine size-based concentration and genera of airborne fungi distributed in public facilities such as hospital, kindergarten, day-care center and postpartum nurse center and to provide fundamental data in order to prevent respiratory diseases caused by exposure to airborne fungi. Culturable total and respirable concentrations of airborne fungi averaged to $382\;cfu/m^3\;and\;292\;cfu/m^3$ in hospital, $536\;cfu/m^3\;and\;347\;cfu/m^3$ in kindergarten, $334\;cfu/m^3\;and\;266\;cfu/m^3$ in day-care center, and $371\;cfu/m^3\;and\;289\;cfu/m^3$ in postpartum nurse center, respectively. The ratio of respirable to total concentration of airborne fungi in the investigated public facilities was ranged from $55\%\;to\;70\%$ but there was no significant difference among them (p>0.05). The mean I/O ratio of culturable total and respirable concentrations were 0.56 and 0.64 in hospital, 0.72 and 0.91 in kindergarten, 0.33 and 0.45 in day-care center, and 0.63 and 0.73 in postpartum nurse center, respectively. Indoor concentration of airborne fungi did not correlated significantly with indoor temperature and relative humidity (p>0.05) but had a significant positive correlation with $CO_2$ concentration (p<0.01) and surrounding condition (p<0.05). Penicillium spp., Cladosporium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were estimated to over $95\%$ of total airborne fungi identified in the investigated public facilities.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.74-79
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• 2008

This research was conducted to evaluate fungal and bacterial populations in unhulled and brown rice under indoor storage conditions, and to examine the relationship between microbial populations and environmental conditions such as temperature and relative humidity. The temperature and relative humidity of the storage room ranged from $22.6^{\circ}C\;to\;27.0^{\circ}C$ and 23.3% to 44.2%, respectively. Total fungal and bacterial populations remained relatively stable over the storage period. Predominant fungi included Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, and Penicillium spp.; the predominant bacteria were Bacillus, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Methylobacterium spp. Total fungi and bacteria were not significantly correlated with either unhulled (r=0.448, P=0.372) or brown (r=0.466, P=0.351) rice. In unhulled rice, total fungi showed positive correlations with total Aspergillus (r=0.994, P<0.001) and total Penicillium (r=0.906, P<0.05); A. flavus was positively correlated with total Aspergillus (r=0.913, P<0.05) and total fungi (r=0.868, P<0.05). In brown rice, Bacillus spp. was also positively correlated with total bacteria (r=0.998, P<0.001). Mean temperature was negatively correlated with A. candidus (r=-0.852, P<0.05) and total fungi (r=-0.961, P<0.01), and mean relative humidity was positively correlated with total Penicillium spp.(r=0.884, P<0.05) in brown rice. Hence these results could provide basic information on the fungal and bacterial populations in unhulled and brown rice stored under room conditions, and on the effect of environmental conditions on the populations of fungi and bacteria, especially Aspergillus and Penicillium spp.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 1984

서울에서 1983년 12월 26일부터 1984년 2월 11일 까지 각종 건물실내환경에서 채취한 진균을 배양분리한 결과에서 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 총 26종류의 진균이 검출되었다. 병원에서는 14종류의 진균이 검출되었는데, 이중에서 Cladosporium sp.와 Penicillium sp.가 주종을 이루며 Alternaria sp., Chaetomium sp. 그리고 효모등이 비교적 많이 검출되었다. 일반주택에서는 22종류의 진균이 검출되었으며, 여기서는 Penicillium sp.가 상당분을 차지하고, Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Cladosporium sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp.가 주종을 이룬다. 아파트에서의 진균종류도 대체로 주택과 같았다. 이 조사에서는 특별히 진균의 정량적인 분석이 이루어지지 않았으므로 확실한 위해도의 여부는 가리기 힘들다. 따라서 이들 진균을 종까지 분류하고 각각에 대한 정량분석을 하여 공중위생적인 위해도와의 관계를 추정하는 조사가 앞으로 요망된다. 이상에서 진균성 식중독을 유발하는 균의 분포가 보편적으로 인정되므로, 분포가 넓은 여러 종의 진균에 대해서는 실내 환경내에서 오염 또는 증식되지 않도록 하는 대책이 필요하다. 또한 많은 사람이 모이는 공중 장소에 대해서는 검출되는 진균의 종류에 대하여서는 적절한 위생적인 규제가 있어야 하겠다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2005

To assess exposure of allergy patients to a biological environment, measurements were made of levels of airborne bacteria and fungi, house dust endotoxin and mite allergens in homes of 7 allergy patients and 12 healthy families. Concentrations of airborne total bacteria and the ratio of indoor and outdoor concentrations(I/O) in allergy patient's homes were high compared to non-allergy houses. But no significant differences could be shown for the concentration of spores of viable fungi and staphylococcus in indoor air between the homes of allergic patients and healthy families. The results of investigation on house dust mites, Dermatophagoids farinae were detected in all mattress samples and the levels in the allergy patient's homes were generally high, with individual measurements exceeding $2{\mu}g/g$ dust found in $30\%$ samples. In contrast with, Dermatophagoids pteronyssinus were detected in only $60\%$ samples and the concentrations were very low. The levels of endotoxin in dust samples collected from the allergy patient's home mattresses were higher than those of control houses. There was a positive correlation between the endotoxin levels and the house dust mite allergens.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.537-549
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• 1998

실험대상 병원내 27개소의 공기중에서 30분 동안 낙하균을 여름과 겨울에 채취하여, 총 세균 수와 포도상 구균속 및 진균의 수를 비교하고, 각각의 균을 동정하고, 분리된 주요 세균에 대한 항생물질 감수성 검사를 실시하였다. 분리된 총 세균 수, 포도구균속의 수, 진균의 수는 여름에 각각 26개, 17개, 2개였으며, 겨울에는 각각 19개, 8개, 2개로 여름이 더 많았다. 분리 동정된 세균 종은 Staphylococcus dpidermidis가 가장 많았으며, 그 다음이 Staphylococcus aureus, Aerococcus spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Micrococcus spp., Bacilluc spp. 등의 순이 었다. 병원내 공기중에서 분리된 진균은 Aspergillus spp., Cephalosporium spp., Curvularia spp., Penicillium spp., Phialophora spp. 등의 순으로 많이 분리되었다. 분리된 109주의 Staphylococcus epidermidis는 tetracycline에 45.0%, methicillin에 40.4%, erythromycin에 31.2%, kanamycin에 24.8%, gentamy-cin에 16.5%가 저항성 균주이었다. 분리된 76주의 Staph-ylococcus aureus는 erythromycin에 71.1%, methicillin에 63.2%, kanamycin에 44.7%, tetracycline에 39.5%, ampicillin에 32.9%가 저항성 균주이었다. 분리된 67주의 Aerococcus spp.는 erythromycin에 26.9%, methicillin에 25.4%, tetracycline에 22.4%, kanamycin에 20.9%가 저항성 균주이었으나, vancomycin에는 저항성 균이 없었다. 분리된 48주의micrococcus spp.는 tetracycline에 27.0%, erythomycin과 methicillin에 각각 22.9%, kanamycin에 20.8%가 저항성 균주이었다. 분리된 37주의 Staphylococcus saprophyticus는 cephalothin에 35.4%, methicillin과 ampicillin에 32.4%, erythromycin과 kanamycin에 각각 27.0%, tetracycline에 21.6%가 저항성 균주이었다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.478-485
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• 2009

This study was performed to assess airborne fungi concentrations during fall in eight subway stations in Seoul, Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate appropriate culture media and evaluate factors affecting airborne fungi concentrations. Results indicated that airborne fungi concentrations showed log-normal distribution. Thus, geometric mean (GM) and geometric standard deviation (GSD) were calculated. The GM of airborne fungi concentrations cultured on malt extract agar (MEA) media was 466 $cfu/m^3$ (GSD 3.12; Range 113~4,172 $cfu/m^3$) and the GM of concentrations cultured on DG18 media was 242 $cfu/m^3$ (GSD 4.75; Range 49~6,093 $cfu/m^3$). Both of GM values exceeded 150 $cfu/m^3$, the guideline of World Health Organization (WHO). There was no significant difference between two fungi concentrations cultured on MEA and DG18 media, respectively. Two factors, such as relative humidity and depths of subway stations were significantly related to airborne fungi concentrations. It is recommended that special consideration should be given to deeper subway stations for improvement of indoor air quality.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.64-71
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• 2022

Many investigations have been conducted on the biological damage and environmental conditions necessary to preserve the Janggyeong Panjeon and Daejanggyeongpan (woodblocks). We performed a survey on the concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in the Janggyeong Panjeon and compared them with the results of a survey from 2012. The temperature of the Beopbojeon building was slightly lower, while the relative humidity was higher than those found at the Sudarajang building. The concentration of airborne fungi in the Beopbojeon was 1.44-fold that of the Sudarajang. It was confirmed that the concentration and diversity of airborne fungi in the Janggyeong Panjeon differed depending on the sampling site. In total, 23 fungal genera were identified from the air samples, and 11 fungal and 1 bacterial genera were identified from the surface of the woodblocks. Among these, only five types of fungi were commonly distributed in the indoor air and surface of the Daejanggyeongpan; however, 58.3% of the fungi identified on the surface of the woodblocks were not observed in the in the air samples. The surface-dwelling fungi may accumulate dust to form microbial communities over time.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2007

울산 소재 초등학교 3곳의 교실과 복도에서, 배양가능한 공기중 세균과 진균의 농도를 조사하고, 이들 미생물을 분리한 후 동정하였다. 세균과 진균의 포집에는 충돌식 공기 채취기를 사용하였으며, 세균수와 진균수의 측정에는 각각 plate count agar와 dichloran rose bengal chloramphenicol agar를 사용하였다. 학기 중 세균 농도는 교실에서 $168{\sim}3,887MPN/m^3$ 복도에서 $168{\sim}6,339MPN/m^3$의 범위였으며, 진균 농도는 교실에서 $34{\sim}389MPN/m^3$, 복도에서 $91{\sim}507MPN/m^3$의 범위로, 상황과 학교에 따른 측정값의 편차는 세균에서 진균보다 더 크게 나타났다. 분리한 세균의 84%는 그람양성으로 관찰되었는데, 전체 시험한 세균의 61%는 Micrococcus 속으로, 이중 75%는 M. luteus로 확인되었으며, Staphylococcus속은 전체의 10%수준이었다. Micrococcus 속의 주요 발생원은 사람으로 생각되며, 함유한 색소나 높은 세포벽 함량 등의 생리적 특징이 이들 세균의 공기중 생존력을 높이는 것으로 추측된다. 포집한 시료로부터 15속의 사상성 진균을 확인할 수 있었으며, Cladosporium 속, Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속 등이 분리한 진균의 69%를 차지하였다. 1개 학교의 교실에서는 Stachybotrys속이 검출되었는데, 이 속의 S. chartarum은 많은 진균독소를 생산하는 것으로 잘 알려져 있다. 독소생산과 관련이 깊은 Aspergillus 속, Penicillium속, Stachybotrys 속에 대한 종 수준에서의 동정, 분리한 진균의 독소생산능력, 공기중 진균독소 검출 및 진균 농도와의 상관관계 분석 등에 대한 보다 체계적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.213-222
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was undertaken in order to evaluate by work space zoning and structure the concentrations of biological contaminants in the indoor air of domestic office buildings. Methods: Air samples were collected in the office spaces of 15 office buildings in Seoul from June 28 to July 28, 2011. Prior to the sampling, each office was classified into 'open-plan office', 'cellular office' and 'mixed office' according to the work space zoning. To evaluate the biological contamination of indoor air, total suspended bacteria (TSB), Gram positive bacteria (GPB), Staphylococcus aureus (S.A), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram negative bacteria (GNB) and fungi were investigated. During the sampling, temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were measured. Results: The TSB concentrations ($GM{\pm}GSD$) were $452({\pm}1.3)cfu/m^3$ in open-plan offices, $366({\pm}1.3)cfu/m^3$ in cellular offices and $287({\pm}1.5)cfu/m^3$ in mixed offices, and there were significant differences between the three groups (p<0.05). The highest concentrations ($GM{\pm}GSD$) of fungi were found in the indoor air of cellular offices $128({\pm}1.0)cfu/m^3$, which was at least three times higher than the concentrations in mixed offices $43({\pm}1.0)cfu/m^3$ (p<0.05). Conclusions: Microbiological contamination in the indoor air of office buildings by work space structure was the highest with the open-plan office layout which includes no high walls or doors separating the occupants.