• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.1110-1120
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of offering (OSF) or not (NSF) supplemental feed at milking on temperament (TS), udder hygiene (UHS) and body condition (BCS) scores, and milk yield per milking (MYM), milk quality traits, and profitability of primiparous Anatolian buffalo cows at 90 days of lactation confined in closed-tied (CB) or semi-open free-stall (OB) barns. Methods: In Experiment I, 108 cows were selected to encompass four treatments (OBOSF, OB-NSF, CB-OSF, and CB-NSF) of 27 cows, considering barn type (OB and CB) and supplementary feed (OSF and NSF) at milking. In Experiment II, 60 OB cows were selected to encompass one of five groups of 12 cows each: i) no supplemental feed (CON), ii) commercial concentrate (CC), iii) CC + corn silage (CCS), iv) CCS + alfalfa hay (CSA), or v) CC + ryegrass silage (CRS) at milking. Results: The TS and UHS of the OB and OSF cows were lower (better) than those of the CB and NSF cows, respectively. The OSF increased milk protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat but decreased milk freezing point and electrical conductivity compared with the NSF. The MYM and milk fat of the OB-OSF cows were higher than those of the OB-NSF and CBNSF cows. The TS and UHS of the cows negatively correlated with MYM and some milk chemicals (fat, protein, and solids-not-fat), but BCS correlated positively. The TS and milk electrical conductivity of the CCS, CSA, and CRS cows were lower than those of the CON and CC cows, but BCS, MYM, and milk fat were higher. Partial budget analysis identified a higher net profit for supplemental feed-offered groups (OB-OSF, CCS, CSA, and CRS). Conclusion: Offering roughage with concentrates at milking for indoor primiparous buffalo cows is more conducive to well-being, milk yield, milk quality, and economy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1445-1450
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• 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of alfalfa meal on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development of growing layer ducks to provide evidence for application of alfalfa meal in the duck industry. Two hundred and fifty-six healthy Shaoxing 7-wk old growing layer ducks were selected and randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments based on corn and soybean meal and containing 0, 3, 6, and 9% of alfalfa meal for 8 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replicates of 16 ducks each. Briefly, birds were raised in separate compartments, and each compartment consisted of three parts: indoor floor house, adjacent open area and a connecting water area. The results showed: i) Growing ducks fed alfalfa meal diet were not significantly different in average daily gain, feed intake and gain-to-feed ratio from those fed no alfalfa diet (p>0.05). ii) Alfalfa meal increased the ratio crop, gizzard to live weight, caecum to live weight, the caecum index of growing ducks (p<0.05). iii) Villus height in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks increased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). Crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum of growing ducks decreased significantly with the increase of alfalfa meal levels (p<0.05). This experiment showed that feeding of alfalfa meal to growing layer ducks could improve gastrointestinal tract growth and small intestinal morphology without effect on performance. This experiment provides evidence that alfalfa meal is a very valuable feedstuff for growing layer ducks.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.29-31
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• 1981

1980년 6월 7일부터 8월 8일까지 실내순환수조에서 고형사료 pellet을 이용한 뱀장어(Anguilla japonica) 사육실험을 했다. 실험에 이용한 뱀장어는 1974년부터 1976년 사이 본 대학에 들어온 것 중에서 성장이 불진하여 남아 있던 것을 이용했다. 실험 결과, 사료계수 $1.05{\sim}1.678$, 일간성장률$0.96{\sim}1.46\%$로 나타났으며, 특히 이 중에서도 가장 작은 것들도 일간성장률 $1.3\%$의 높은 성장률을 나타내었다. 이것은 현재까지 일반 뱀장어 양식에 이용되어온 반죽사료와 비교해 볼 때에 못지않는 충분한 생장이었다. 또한 Pellet을 이용함으로 해서 먹이를 주고 난뒤 수질이 흐려지는 것도 방지할 수 있었다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.497-502
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• 2014

본 논문에서는 지상파 디지털 TV 수신용 광대역 평면 다이폴 안테나 설계 방법에 대해 연구하였다. 코플래너 스트립으로 급전되는 평면 다이폴을 반 보우-타이형으로 소형화하였다. 급전 마이크로스트립 선로와 코플래너 스트립 선로 간의 밸런은 코플래너 스트립 중앙으로 삽입된 직사각형 패치로 구현하였다. 제안된 안테나는 이중 공진 구조로서 다이폴에 의한 공진과 밸런이 부착된 코플래너 스트립 선로에 의한 공진으로 구성된다. 제안된 안테나의 파라미터들이 안테나의 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 지상파 디지털방송 주파수 대역인 470-806 MHz 대역에서 동작하도록 설계하였다. 설계된 안테나를 $95mm{\times}178mm$ 크기의 FR4 기판 상에 제작 후 실험을 통하여 연구결과의 타당성을 검증하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.1870-1878
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different colors produced by light emitting diode (LED) on Brown Tsaiya ducks. Methods: A total of 144 female Brown Tsaiya ducks were randomly allocated into three individual cage rearing chambers with different LED illumination colors as treatments. Three different treatments were: i) white color, ii) blue color, and iii) red color. The experiment periods were from ducks 21 to 49 weeks of age, determined traits included i) egg laying performance, ii) feed intake, iii) egg shell breaking strength, iv) egg shell thickness, v) egg Haugh unit, vi) egg weight, vii) serum Estradiol and Progesterone concentration, and viii) behavior pattern. Results: The results indicated that when compared with white and blue color, red color could stimulate ducks sexual maturation and raised the egg laying performance. The red light group was also observed to have the highest feed intake among three treatments. The blue treatment had the lowest egg shell breaking strength and the highest egg weight among three treatments, nevertheless, no significant difference was observed among three treatments on egg shell thickness and egg Haugh unit. The red light group had higher serum estradiol concentration than the white and blue groups, but no significant difference among treatments on the serum Progesterone concentration was found. The results of behavior pattern indicated that red light group showed more feeding and less resting behavior compared to the blue light group. Conclusion: We found a potential of applying red light illumination in the indoor laying duck raising system with positive results on egg laying performance and acceptable egg weight, equivalent egg qualities compared to white and blue light.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1615-1634
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• 2004

A review was undertaken to obtain information on the sustainability of pig free-range production systems including the management, performance and health of pigs in the system. Modern outdoor rearing systems requires simple portable and flexible housing with low cost fencing. Local pig breeds and outdoor-adapted breeds for certain environment are generally more suitable for free-range systems. Free-range farms should be located in a low rainfall area and paddocks should be relatively flat, with light topsoil overlying free-draining subsoil with the absence of sharp stones that can cause foot damage. Huts or shelters are crucial for protecting pigs from direct sun burn and heat stress, especially when shade from trees and other facilities is not available. Pigs commonly graze on strip pastures and are rotated between paddocks. The zones of thermal comfort for the sow and piglet differ markedly; between 12-22$^{\circ}C$ for the sow and 30-37$^{\circ}C$ for piglets. Offering wallows for free-range pigs meets their behavioural requirements, and also overcomes the effects of high ambient temperatures on feed intake. Pigs can increase their evaporative heat loss via an increase in the proportion of wet skin by using a wallow, or through water drips and spray. Mud from wallows can also coat the skin of pigs, preventing sunburn. Under grazing conditions, it is difficult to control the fibre intake of pigs although a high energy, low fibre diet can be used. In some countries outdoor sows are fitted with nose rings to prevent them from uprooting the grass. This reduces nutrient leaching of the land due to less rooting. In general, free-range pigs have a higher mortality compared to intensively housed pigs. Many factors can contribute to the death of the piglet including crushing, disease, heat stress and poor nutrition. With successful management, free-range pigs can have similar production to door pigs, although the growth rate of the litters is affected by season. Piglets grow quicker indoors during the cold season compared to outdoor systems. Pigs reared outdoors show calmer behaviour. Aggressive interactions during feeding are lower compared to indoor pigs while outdoor sows are more active than indoor sows. Outdoor pigs have a higher parasite burden, which increases the nutrient requirement for maintenance and reduces their feed utilization efficiency. Parasite infections in free-range pigs also risks the image of free-range pork as a clean and safe product. Diseases can be controlled to a certain degree by grazing management. Frequent rotation is required although most farmers are keeping their pigs for a longer period before rotating. The concept of using pasture species to minimise nematode infections in grazing pigs looks promising. Plants that can be grown locally and used as part of the normal feeding regime are most likely to be acceptable to farmers, particularly organic farmers. However, one of the key concerns from the public for free-range pig production system is the impact on the environment. In the past, the pigs were held in the same paddock at a high stocking rate, which resulted in damage to the vegetation, nutrient loading in the soil, nitrate leaching and gas emission. To avoid this, outdoor pigs should be integrated in the cropping pasture system, the stock should be mobile and stocking rate related to the amount of feed given to the animals.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.975-986
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• 2003

가을철에 태어난 한우 암송아지 36두를 방목전 . 후의 농후사료 급여수준에 따라 4개 처리(T1: 체중의 0.5%, T2: 체중의 1.0%, T3: 체중의 1.5%, T4 : 체중의 2.0%)를 두어 방목기 195일을 포함한 426일간 사양 시험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 전기간의 일당증체량은 T4, T3, T2 및 T1이 각각 0.501, 0.450, 0.403 및 0.348kg으로 방목전 . 후 사사기의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았으며, 방목기의 일당증체량은 방목전 육성기의 농후사료 급여수준이 체중의 1.0%일 때가 가장 높았다. 2) 공시기간 동안 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 8.50${\sim}$8.70kg(평균 8.61kg)이었고, T3, T4, T1, 및 T2의 순으로 사료이용성이 높았으며, 방목기간의 kg 증체에 소요된 TDN량은 7.99${\sim}$10.96kg(평균 9.22kg)으로 방목전의 농후사료 급여수준이 증가할수록 높았다. 그리고 전기간동안 농후사료에 대한 조사료 비율은 49.6${\sim}$68.2%(평균 58.5%)이었다. 3) 체중 225kg에 도달되는 시기는 14.1${\sim}$16.1개월령(평균 15.1개월령), 그리고 체중 250kg에 도달되는 시기는 16.4${\sim}$19.0개월령(평균 17.6개월령)으로 사사기의 배합사료 급여수준이 체중 대비 0.5% 증가함에 따라 초임시기가 약 0.9개월씩 단축되었다. 첫 종부는 평균 19.5개월령, 272.2kg에 실시되었고 임신율은 52.8%였지만, 사사기 농후사료 급여수준이 1.5% 이상일 때는 임신율이 66.6%로 증가하였다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 가을에 태어난 한우 암송아지를 축사에서 볏짚 위주로 사육할 때의 농후사료 급여수준은 체중의 1.8% 그리고 개량초지에서 방목사육 할 때에는 체중의 1.5%가 적정수준인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.161-171
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• 2009

동해안의 유용 이매패류인 대복 (Gomphina veneriformis; Bivalvia)을 대상으로 기초 생리, 생태적 특성을 파악하기 위해 수온과 염분에 따른 대복의 여과율 변동을 측정하였다. 실험에 사용된 먹이생물은 황색편모조강 Isochrysis galbana (KMCC H-002)를 f/2배지를 이용하여 고농도로 단일배양한 후 사용하였다. 여과율 측정은 간접 측정법을 이용하였고, 실험에 사용된 먹이생물은 광학현미경 하에서 혈구계산판을 이용하여 계수하였다. 수온별 대복의 여과율은 2, 3, 4년생 모두 저온에서 수온이 상승할수록 여과율이 급격히 증가하여 $15^{\circ}C$에서 최대로 나타났으며, 이 후 감소하는 동일한 경향을 보였다. 염분별 대복의 여과율은 2, 3, 4년생 모두 30-35 psu의 염분범위에서 최대로 나타났다. 연령별 대복의 여과율은 수온, 염분변화에 관계없이 2년생 대복이 가장 높은 여과율을 기록했고, 4년생 대복의 여과율이 가장 낮았다. 다항회귀분석 결과 수온별 대복의 여과율 곡선은 모든 연령군에서 대체적으로 저온 구간으로 치우친 경향을 나타내었고 온도계수 $Q_{10}$ 값 역시 저온에서 높게 나타나 저온의 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 염분별 여과율 곡선은 모든 연령군에서 대체적으로 고염 구간으로 치우친 경향이 나타나 저염분으로 갈수록 여과율이 감소한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과로 조하대 부유섭식 이매패류인 대복은 비교적 저온에서 서식하며 넓지 않은 온도범위에서 서식하는 협온성생물이며, 좁은 염분범위에서 높은 여과율을 보이는 협염성종임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.869-874
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• 1998

사료종류에 따른 참전복의 적정 사육밀도를 조사하기 위해 평균 각장 8.41 mm의 치패를 $m^2$당 1430, 2860, 4290 및 5720마리로 설정하여 배합사료 및 미역을 실험구마다 3반복으로 15주간 공급하면서 사육 실험하였다. 전중, 패각 및 가식부의 성장은 사육밀도가 높아질수록 감소하는 경향을 보여 4290마리/$m^2$ 이상인 밀도구에서는 1430마리 /$m^2$ 밀도구와 유의차를 보였다(P<0.05). 또한 이러한 성장효과는 배합사료 공급구가 미역 공급구보다 밀도에 관계없이 양호한 성적을 보였으며, 동일 밀도구에서는 유의하게 (P<0.05) 배합사료 공급구가 높았다. 생존율도 성장과 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 실험 종료시 가식부의 일반성분의 변화는 사육밀도에는 영향을 받지 않았으나 사료종류에 따라 달라지는 경향을 보여 미역 공급구에 비해 배합사료 공급구의 수분과 단백질 함량은 낮고, 지질과 회분 함량은 높은 경향을 보였다 (P<0.05). 성장과 생존율 등을 고려하여 보면 각장 9$\~$17mm일 때 참전복의 적정 사육밀도는 사료의 종류에 관계없이 1 $m^2$당 2860마리 이하가 적절하다고 여겨진다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.117-129
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• 2021

The movement of animals is one of the primary factors that influence the variation of livestock emissions. This study evaluated the relationship between animal activity and three major emissions, PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and ammonia gas, in weaning, growing, and fattening pig houses through continuous monitoring of the animal activity. The movement score of animals was quantified by the developed image analysis algorithm using 10-second video clips taken in the pig houses. The calculated movement scores were validated by comparison with six activity levels graded by an expert group. A comparison between PMs measurement and the movement scores demonstrated that an increase of the PMs concentrations was obviously followed by increased movement scores, for example, when feeding started. The PM₁₀ concentrations were more affected by the animal activity compared to the PM_2.5 concentrations, which were related to the inflow of external PM_2.5 due to ventilation. The PM₁₀ concentrations in the fattening house were 1.3 times higher than those in the weaning house because of the size of pigs while weaning pigs were more active and moved frequently compared to fattening pigs showing 2.45 times higher movement scores. The results also indicated that indoor ammonia concentration was not significantly influenced by animal activity. This study is significant in the sense that it could provide realistic emission factors of pig farms considering animal's daily activity levels if further monitoring is carried out continuously.