• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.168-176
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• 2012

A total of 48 dust samples were collected from large shopping mall parking lots in Daegu metropolitan city in March 2011. Samples were sieved through a 100 ${\mu}m$ mesh and the concentration of 14 elements have been determined using by ICP after acid extraction. Results showed that Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na and V were affected by natural sources while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were affected by anthropogenic sources. The measured values were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic trace element concentrations of ground roof dust were higher than those of ground and underground indoor dust. A large percentage of trace elements came from natural sources rather than anthropogenic sources. The percentage composition of chemicals of ground roof dust were higher than those of ground and underground indoor dust. This study showed that investigated parking lots were rarely contaminated with hazardous heavy metals. The heavy metal pollution of ground roof were higher than those of ground and underground indoors. The correlation analysis among trace elements suggest that components in ground roof were more highly correlated than those in ground and underground indoor. Also anthropogenic trace element levels were well correlated with parking lot age and parking density.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2010

The use of natural light has the potential for improving both the energy efficiency and indoor environmental quality in buildings. A light-pipe system can introduce daylight to spaces that would otherwise not be able to benefit from the advantages of daylight penetration. For the light-pipe system to be widely used in Korea, it is important to quantify its daylighting performance with due consideration regarding the effects imposed by the local climate conditions. This paper presents the evaluation results of existing semi-empirical models to predict daylighting performance of a light-pipe system. The evaluation of the existing models was based on the monitoring data obtained from a underground parking lot in which the light-pipe system was installed. Comparisons were made between the predicted and the monitored data obtained from the study. The results indicated that semi-empirical models which was developed using the experimental data obtained under the Korean climatic conditions had a good prediction performance. We also quantified the effects caused by sky conditions, solar altitudes, room dimensions, and the aspect ratio of a light-pipe system on both the daylighting performance of the light-pipe system and the indoor illuminance distributions of the space using the semi-empirical model. Finally, this paper provides the design guideline of the light-pipe system for its application to an underground parking lot space.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1464-1467
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• 2005

In this research, we developed a system, which can find the location of vehicle when people park their cars in a big parking lot or large area. People can find their cars readily through this simple device and they can save their time and effort. This is the purpose of this research. Performing this, detection of electromagnetic wave's direction is needed and we used shielding effectiveness of electromagnetic waves for the method of it. An absolute coordinate indicates four directions (E, W, S, N) by using an electronic compass module, and it is needed for the localization. The device can check the received count of the electromagnetic waves coming from all other directions through the system, which is installed in the vehicle. The direction recorded the least received count would be the location of the parked vehicles. We can add on the function of this research by using the same frequency of cars alarm goods. Also, it is useful in the huge indoor parking lot.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.142-152
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• 2016

GPS is not able to be used for indoor positioning and currently most of techniques emerging to overcome the limit of GPS utilize private wireless networks. However, these methods require high costs for installation and maintenance, and they are inappropriate to be used in the place where precise positioning is needed as in indoor parking lots. This paper proposes a vehicular indoor positioning method based on QR-code recognition. The method gets an absolute coordinate through QR-code scanning, and obtain the location (an relative coordinate) of a black-box camera using the tilt and roll angle correction through affine transformation, scale transformation, and trigonometric function. Using these information of an absolute coordinate and an relative one, the precise position of a car is estimated. As a result, average error of 13.79cm is achieved and it corresponds to just 27.6% error rate in contrast to 50cm error of the recent technique based on wireless networks.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.163-168
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• 2004

The improvement of perspectives on dark and limited underground space could be an important factor in successful underground space development. Current trend in the apartment underground parking lot requires not only quantitatively energy efficient design and operation, but also qualitative improvement of the space. For this, we need to consider two factors: Firstly, to understand the characteristics of the fluorescent lamp. Secondly, to improve the uniformity ratio of illuminance. In winter season, a way to keep the uniformity and a method not to lower the indoor illuminance level by cold ambient air. Therefore, a change in interval and arrangement of the lighting fixtures is required. Also, in their operation, current time-fixed control method needs to be changed into the control that method considers the use pattern.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 2018

Purpose: This paper propose a temporary indoor positioning scheme with devices of internet of things (IoT) for disastrous situations in places without the infrastructure of networks. Method: The proposed scheme is based on the weighted centroid localization scheme that can estimate the position of a target with simple computation. Results: It also is implemented with the IoT devices at the underground parking lot, where the network is not installed, of general office building. According to the experiment results, the positioning error was around 10m without a priori calibration process at $82.5m{\times}56.4m$ underground space. Conclusion: The proposed scheme can be deployed many places without the infrastructure of networks, such as parking lots, warehouses, factory, etc.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.215-218
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• 2006

The attention of brand apartment is flourishing along with growing concerns about resident's health and their housing. This study examined the environment-friendly features on six brand apartments in Kangnam area in Seoul since 2000. The findings were as follows: The environment-friendly features of most brand apartments are in satisfactory level. The environment-friendly parking lot and greenzone were satisfactory on the viewpoint of ecology. From the perspective of relationship between housing and environment there was lack of the consideration of locality issues. However, from the perspective of health and comfortability there was lack of indoor planting.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-167
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• 1994

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between the types of fiber and its content and the levels of airborne fiber concentrations at eight parking lots where sprayed insulation material was found on the walls and ceilings. Also this study was designed to find the relationship between the levels of airborne fiber concentrations and such variables as air current, humidity, total exhaust volume, surface condition of insulation material and building age. The results obtained were as follows : 1. No significant correlation was found between the levels of airborne tiber concentration and the building age, air current, humidity, total exhaust volume, space and the number of traffics. 2. A significant correlation was found between the levels of airborne fiber concentration and the MMMF content of the insulation material(r=0.7594). However, no significant correlation was found between the levels of airborne fiber concentration and total fiber content of insulation material. 3. The differences of the airborne fiber concentrations among Cateogory 1, 2 and 3 classified by the degrees of surface insulation material maintenance were very significant. 4. Two bulk samples contained 30% crodicolite and 1% anthophylite. The MMMFs, in all parking lots, included mineral wool, cellulose fiber, trace cellulose fiber, trace tiber glass and vermiculite. 5. The mean value and the range of airborne fiber concentrations at 8 parking lots were $0.0239{\pm}0.0095f/cc$ and 0.0054-0.0447 f/cc, respectively. The fiber concentrations of 35 out of 38 samples(92%) were over 0.01 f/cc which is the Environment Administration's recommended asbestos level for the underground space. This study suggests that most of building insulation materials used in Korea, contain MMMF and sometimes asbestos. Currently, MMMF pollution levels may exceed the Environment Administration's recommended level for underground space. It has been found that airborne fiber concentrations increased significantly with MMMF content and with the maintenance condition of surface material. Therefore, it is recommended that a proper management technique should be developed and immediately implemented since the conditions of surface material will be gradually deteriorated due to building age and usage. Since health hazards of the MMMF, similar to those of asbestos, are being gradually acknowledged, a proper management technique which is applicable to control total airborne fiber concentrations, both asbestos and MMMF, be developed and an acceptable indoor air standard be promulgated as early as possible.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1523-1528
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• 2008

In this study, the ventilation system of connection passage and elevator hall of underground parking lot in apartment houses is investigated to extract the data for the installation and the application by the experimentation. In case of the elevator hall, actual air exchange rate is predicted fivefold higher than air exchange rate by infiltration and exfiltration. Ventilation system is installed good by supply air and return air. As the next best thing, it is installed by supply air because of IAQ control. The temperature of connection passage and elevator hall uniformly with $7{\sim}8^{\circ}C$, is maintained even if the operating condition of ventilation system is different. Therefore, the installation of the preheater, which is installed at the inlet of ventilation system for the cold draft in winter, is not essential in southern area of Korea.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.211-219
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to propose the environmental planning guidelines of elementary school settings for a crime safety. The research methodologies To achieve the goal, the literature review analysis and the survey were used as main research methodologies. The survey is organized as follows. First, elementary education facilities were divided into 20 spaces based on the major space. Second, after analyzing the domestic and foreign CPTED Guidelines, elements of environmental planning were classified to fit in the space. Based on this, the expert survey was conducted. The results of this study are as follows; First, it is necessary to consider specific places such as 'toilets', 'parking lot', 'in-between space', 'main access road', 'sub-access road' and 'harmful facilities around school' for safer school environment. Second, it is significant to plan 'equipment facilities' and 'outdoor space in the school setting' with priority for elementary education environment. Third, environmental planning elements for safer elementary schools can be classified into 9 factors(types) including 'natural surveillance planning', 'territoriality reinforcement planning', 'mechanical surveillance planning', 'access control planning' and 'neighborhood reinforcement planning'. Forth, regarding 'indoor space', crime-free elementary school environment can be build through 'natural surveillance planning' and 'territoriality reinforcement planning'. Finally, regarding 'outdoor space', the crime can be prevented through 'natural surveillance planning' and 'access control planning'.