• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.55-81
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• 2008

Most compensation issues are regulated under domestic law where third parties are suffered damage from crushes of aircrafts or their falling objects. This issue was internationally recognized. A Convention to unify the rules of the law concerning damage caused by aircraft to the third parties on the surface was signed in May, 1933( the 1933 Rome Convention) and it became effective in 1942. Later, modernization was carried out through the 1952 Rome Convention and the 1978 Montreal Protocol amending the 1933 Rome Convention. Ratifying States either to the Convention or to the Protocol is not as many as those States to the Warsaw Convention concerning air-transport. In 1999, which was a turning point of changes of centuries from the twentieth century to the twenty first century, the Montreal Convention was passed to modernize the Warsaw Convention, and was quickly widespread. On September 11 2001, the coordinated simultaneous terror attacks occurred. In the circumstances, the issue modernizing the Rome Convention came up. Thus, workout under the initiatives of the Legal Committee of the ICAO is under operation to adopt new Rome Convention. In Japan, a study on the ICAO Draft Convention was operated by which a working study group composed of experts from academy, industry and government was set up. This article, being based on that study, clarifies issues and gives future perspectives. This article presents author's individual views.

• 정보관리연구
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.119-140
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• 2010

감리교 자료는 자료의 생산 및 소장 기관별로 3가지 유형, 즉 1) 한국의 전체 감리교회를 관장하는 '감리회 본부 자료', 2) 신학관련 학술연구도서를 소장하고 있는 '신학대학도서관 자료', 3) '개별교회의 자료'로 구분할 수 있다. 이와 같이, 감리교 자료들은 주제에 있어서 동질성을 갖고 있으나 각 기관별 특성에 따라 자료의 유형이 상이하게 나타난다. 이러한 기관의 특성에 따라 기관별 소장자료를 효율적으로 이용시키기 위해서는 자료실 간의 상호협력이 요구된다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 3개 기관별 자료실의 운영 실태를 분석하고 효과적인 운영방안을 제시하였다. 분석결과, 감리교 본부 자료실의 제기능을 수행하기 위한 조직체계의 재구성, 감리교단 기관별 운영규정 개발, 자료 관리 시스템 구축 등의 선결과제가 수행되어야 한다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2016년도 학술발표회
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• pp.198-198
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• 2016

The Citarum River Basin is the biggest river basin in West Java Province, Indonesia and it plays strategic roles in providing water for irrigation, domestic and industrial uses, and power generation, besides controlling the flood during rainy season. Flowing through seven major cities makes the river flow and water demand are vulnerable to land use change around the river. The present water resources management has involved the regulator, operator, and users in deciding an appropriate water management plan for the entire basin. The plan includes an operation plan for three reservoirs, construction or maintenance of the river channel, and water allocation for all users along the river. Following this plan, a smaller operation group will execute and evaluates the plan based on the actual flow condition. Recently, a deforestation, environment degradation, river sedimentation, a rapid growth of population and industry, also public health become new issues that should be considered in water basin planning. Facing these arising issues, a new development program named ICWRMIP was established to advance the existing management system. This program includes actions to strengthen institutional collaboration, do the restoration and conservation of the river environment, improve water quality and public health, also advance the water allocation system. At present, the water allocation plan is created annually based on a forecasted flow data and water usage prediction report. Sometimes this method causes a difficulty for the operator when the actual flow condition is not the same as the prediction. Improving existing system, a lot of water allocation studies, including a development of the database and water allocation simulation model have been placed to help stakeholders decide the suitable planning schemes. In the future, this study also tries to contribute in advancing water allocation planning by creating an optimization model which ease stakeholders discover a suitable water allocation plan for individual users.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.197-212
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to identify the maturity stages of venture firms through classification analysis, which is widely used as a big data technique. Venture companies should develop a competitive advantage in the market. And the maturity stage of a company can be classified into five stages. I will analyze a difference in the growth stage of venture firms between the survey response and the statistical classification methods. The firm growth level distinguished five stages and was divided into the period of start-up and declines. A classification method of big data uses popularly k-mean cluster analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis, artificial neural network, and decision tree analysis. I used variables that asset increase, capital increase, sales increase, operating profit increase, R&D investment increase, operation period and retirement number. The research results, each big data analysis technique showed a large difference of samples sized in the group. In particular, the decision tree and neural networks' methods were classified as three groups rather than five groups. The groups size of all classification analysis was all different by the big data analysis methods. Furthermore, according to the variables' selection and the sample size may be dissimilar results. Also, each classed group showed a number of competitive differences. The research implication is that an analysts need to interpret statistics through management theory in order to interpret classification of big data results correctly. In addition, the choice of classification analysis should be determined by considering not only management theory but also practical experience. Finally, the growth of venture firms needs to be examined by time-series analysis and closely monitored by individual firms. And, future research will need to include significant variables of the company's maturity stages.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2021

주파수공용통신시스템TRS(Trunked Radio System)은 개별통화, 그룹 통화뿐만 아니라 그룹에 속한 가입자는 동시에 호출할 수 있고, 통화시간을 조정함으로써 제한된 시간 내에 많은 이용자가 사용할 수 있다,또한 지하철의 LCX 인프라망은 대부분 FM, 소방무선, 경찰청 TRS와 2005년에 구축된 지상파DMB 서비스가 공용으로 망에 연결되어 서비스 및 운영 하고 있으며, 본 논문은 지하철TRS의 효과적인 망 설계와 구축을 위하여 지하철의 복합통신 인프라와 연계하여 통화수신감도, 핸드오프, 타 신호간섭, 시간지연 등을 분석하고, 중계기의 출력별 수신 전계강도, 통화단말의 성공률 등의 테스트를 시행하고 테스트 결과를 분석하였다. 또한, 테스트결과에 의한 장비의 출력용량 및 서비스 커버리지에 의한 예측으로 TRS 셀 설계 및 망 구축에 도움을 줄 것이다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2010

Radiofrequency ablation (RA) is being used to manage atrial fibrillation (AF) with patients failed at the $1^{st}$-line anti-arrhythmic medications. Patients undergoing this procedure are at increased risk of thromboembolism after ablation, and anticoagulation management surrounding the ablation remains controversial. Although no conclusive recommendations can be made, published guidelines and data support therapeutic anticoagulation with warfarin. The purpose of this study was to analyze effectiveness of current therapy and to find factors fluctuate International Normalized Ratio (INR) values in patients undergone RA followed by anticoagulation service (ACS). Retrospective review was conducted utilizing database in a hospital. Among 110 patients under warfarin around ablation between January 2006 to September 2007, 54 patients were selected and allocated into 2 groups: Group A included 47 who discontinued warfarin after ablation, while 7 in B continued the medication. Information on demographics, amount and length of warfarin dosing, INR values and measuring frequencies, and the causing factors on INR fluctuation were abstracted. Differences were analyzed using chi-squared test, Fisher's Exact test, and unpaired Student t-test. Mean amount of warfarin before and after surgery was 4.0 mg, 4.1 mg in Group A and was 5.1 mg, 4.6 mg in Group B, respectively. Average duration of warfarin doing before ablation was 73.7 days in Group A, 129.9 days in B with no significant difference (p = 0.312). The duration time of warfarin on groups after ablation lasted several months. The number of checking INRs was 4.1 and 7.6, respectively. Inter-individual variability of INR fluctuations were $2.1{\pm}0.6$ in Group A and $2.2{\pm}0.7$ in B which were not significantly different (p = 0.062). 164 cases of decreased INR were: 'omission in taking medication, stressfulness and headache, 'increased intake of high vitamin K foods', 'lifestyle change of increased physical activities', and 'increase of food-intakes'. To the contrary, 36 cases of increased INR were: 'reduce of food-intake', 'use of non-prescription drugs', 'reduction in physical activities', and 'excessive restriction on food-intake', consecutively. In conclusion, the study validated therapeutic outcomes of RA patients who we treated with standard guideline and demonstrated 9 factors of INR fluctuations in the patient. A well-trained, pharmacist-monitored anticoagulation service could reduce the risk of adverse effects and prevent complications in patients with AF around RA operation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.827-833
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• 2020

Objective : Spine surgery is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates in elderly patients. The modified Frailty Index (mFI) is an evaluation tool to determine the frailty of an individual and how preoperative status may impact postoperative survival and outcomes. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of mFI in predicting postoperative complications in patients aged ≥75 years undergoing surgery with instrumentation. Methods : We retrospectively reviewed the perioperative course of 137 patients who underwent thoracolumbar-instrumentation spine surgery between 2011 and 2016. The preoperative risk factors were the 11 variables of the mFI, as well as body mass index (kg/㎠), preoperative hemoglobin, platelet, albumin, creatinine, anesthesia time, operation time, estimated blood loss, and transfusion amount. The 60-day occurrences of complication rates were used for outcome assessment. Results : Major complications after spinal instrumentation surgery occurred in 34 of 138 patients (24.6%). The mean mFI score was 0.18±0.12. When we divided patients into a pre-frail group (mFI, 0.09-0.18; n=94) and a frail group (mFI ≥0.27; n=44), only the rate of sepsis was statistically higher in the frail group than in the pre-frail group. There were significantly more major complications in patients with low albumin levels or in patients with infection or who had experienced trauma. The mFI was a more useful predictor of postoperative complications than the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status score. Conclusion : The mFI can successfully predict postoperative morbidity and mortality in patients aged ≥75 years undergoing spine surgery. The mFI improves perioperative risk stratification that provides important information to assist in the preoperative counselling of patients and their families.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.1-26
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• 1982

The main purpose of this study was to test the effect of the structured information on the sleep amount of the patients undergoing open heart surgery. This study has specifically addressed to the Following two basic research questions: (1) Would the structed in formation influence in the reduction of sleep disturbance related to anxiety and Physical stress before and after the operation? and (2) that would be the effects of the structured information on the level of preoperative state anxiety, the hormonal change, and the degree of behavioral change in the patients undergoing an open heart surgery? A Quasi-experimental research was designed to answer these questions with one experimental group and one control group. Subjects in both groups were matched as closely as possible to avoid the effect of the differences inherent to the group characteristics, Baseline data were also. collected on both groups for 7 days prior to the experiment and found that subjects in both groups had comparable sleep patterns, trait anxiety, hormonal levels and behavioral level. A structured information as an experimental input was given to the subjects in the experimental group only. Data were collected and compared between the experimental group and the control group on the sleep amount of the consecutive pre and post operative days, on preoperative state anxiety level, and on hormonal and behavioral changes. To test the effectiveness of the structured information, two main hypotheses and three sub-hypotheses were formulated as follows; Main hypothesis 1: Experimental group which received structured information will have more sleep amount than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Main hypothesis 2: Experimental group with structured information will have more sleep, amount than control group without structured information during the week following the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 1: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the level of State anxiety than control group without structured information in the night before the open heart surgery. Sub-hypothesis 2 : Experimental group with structured information will have lower hormonal level than control group without stuctured information on the 5th day after the open heart surgery Sub-hypothesis 3: Experimental group with structured information will be lower in the behavioral change level than control group without structured information during the week after the open heart surgery. The research was conducted in a national university hospital in Seoul, Korea. The 53 Subjects who participated in the study were systematically divided into experimental group and control group which was decided by random sampling method. Among 53 subjects, 26 were placed in the experimental group and 27 in the control group. Instruments; (1) Structed information: Structured information as an independent variable was constructed by the researcher on the basis of Roy's adaptation model consisting of physiologic needs, self-concept, role function and interdependence needs as related to the sleep and of operational procedures. (2) Sleep amount measure: Sleep amount as main dependent variable was measured by trained nurses through observation on the basis of the established criteria, such as closed or open eyes, regular or irregular respiration, body movement, posture, responses to the light and question, facial expressions and self report after sleep. (3) State anxiety measure: State Anxiety as a sub-dependent variable was measured by Spi-elberger's STAI Anxiety scale, (4) Hormornal change measure: Hormone as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the cortisol level in plasma. (5) Behavior change measure: Behavior as a sub-dependent variable was measured by the Behavior and Mood Rating Scale by Wyatt. The data were collected over a period of four months, from June to October 1981, after the pretest period of two months. For the analysis of the data and test for the hypotheses, the t-test with mean differences and analysis of covariance was used. The result of the test for instruments show as follows: (1) STAI measurement for trait and state anxiety as analyzed by Cronbachs alpha coefficient analysis for item analysis and reliability showed the reliability level at r= .90 r= .91 respectively. (2) Behavior and Mood Rating Scale measurement was analyzed by means of Principal Component Analysis technique. Seven factors retained were anger, anxiety, hyperactivity, depression, bizarre behavior, suspicious behavior and emotional withdrawal. Cumulative percentage of each factor was 71.3%. The result of the test for hypotheses show as follows; (1) Main hypothesis, was not supported. The experimental group has 282 minutes of sleep as compared to the 255 minutes of sleep by the control group. Thus the sleep amount was higher in experimental group than in control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (2) Main hypothesis 2 was not supported. The mean sleep amount of the experimental group and control group were 297 minutes and 278 minutes respectively Therefore, the experimental group had more sleep amount as compared to the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. Thus, the main hypothesis 2 was not supported. (3) Sub-hypothesis 1 was not supported. The mean state anxiety of the experimental group and control group were 42.3, 43.9 in scores. Thus, the experimental group had slightly lower state anxiety level than control group, howe-ver, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (4) Sub-hypothesis 2 was not supported. . The mean hormonal level of the experimental group and control group were 338 ㎍ and 440 ㎍ respectively. Thus, the experimental group showed decreased hormonal level than the control group, however, the difference was not statistically significant at .05 level. (5) Sub-hypothesis 3 was supported. The mean behavioral level of the experimental group and control group were 29.60 and 32.00 respectively in score. Thus, the experimental group showed lower behavioral change level than the control group. The difference was statistically significant at .05 level. In summary, the structured information did not influence the sleep amount, state anxiety or hormonal level of the subjects undergoing an open heart surgery at a statistically significant level, however, it showed a definite trends in their relationships, not least to mention its significant effect shown on behavioral change level. It can further be speculated that a great degree of individual differences in the variables such as sleep amount, state anxiety and fluctuation in hormonal level may partly be responsible for the statistical insensitivity to the experimentation.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 1994

Encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis (EDAS) is a relatively new surgical procedure for treatment of childhood moyamoya disease. We assessed regional cerebral perfusion in moyamoya patients before (1.3 mo) and after (6.8 mo) EDAS with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO brain SPECT. A total of 21 EDAS operations in 17 moyamoya patients was included. Preoperative CT or MRI showed cerebral infarction in 14 patients and carotid angiography showed Suzuki grade I to V stenosis in 6%, 9%, 62%, 12% and 12% of the hemispheres respectively. Preoperative SPECT showed regional hypoperfusion in all patients, bilateral frontal and temporal lobes being the most frequently involved site. $4{\times}4$ pixel sized ROIs were applied on the frontotemporal cortex in 3 slice averaged transverse tomographic images. An index of regional perfusion was measured as: PI (%)=average F-T activity/average cerebellar activity${\times}100$ Pre-EDAS ipsilateral PI ranged from 23.7 to 98.4% (mean: $74.3{\pm}17%$) and increased significantly after operation ($81.4{\pm}17%$, p<0.001). Individual post-EDAS PI improved in 15/21 cases, showed no significant change in 5 and was slightly aggravated in 1. The amount of clinical improvement (${\Delta}CI$) was graded with a scale of 0 to 4 based on frequency and severity of TIA attacks. When patients were grouped according to pre-EDAS PI, group II (PI 70-89) showed a significantly higher ${\Delta}CI$ (3.3) compared to group I (PI< 70, 1.57) or group III (PI >90, 0.5) (P< 0.001). The amount of perfusion improvement (${\Delta}PI$) showed significant correlation with ${\Delta}CI$ (r=0.42, p=0.04). ${\Delta}PI$ did not, however, correlate with the amount of neovascularization assessed angiographically in 8 patients. Serial HMPAO SPECT is an useful noninvasive study for assessing perfusion improvement after EDAS in childhood moyamoya patients.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권6D호
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• pp.775-789
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• 2008

2006년 9월 국무조정실이 수립한 교통사고 잦은 곳 개선 종합대책에 의하면 전방신호기 설치가 교차로 교통사고에 괄목할만한 효과라고 판단하여, 교통사고 잦은 곳 개선사업에 우선적으로 전방신호등을 설치를 권장하고 있다. 하지만 전방 신호등의 효과에 대한 검증 없이 국무조정실이 수립한 종합대책을 토대로 전방신호등 개선사업을 시행한다면 오히려 교통안전측면에서 더 큰 시행착오를 범할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 전방신호등의 설치가 과연 얼마만큼의 효과가 있는지, 또한 전방신호기의 설치에 따른 교통사고 유형의 변화 및 전방신호기의 설치가 적합한 교차로 유형에 대한 분석결과를 제시하고자한다. 이를 위해 Hauer가 개발한 비교그룹방법(Comparison-Group, C.G Method)을 활용하여 분석한 결과, 전방신호등 설치로 인한 전체 교통사고 감소효과에는 긍정적인 결과로 나타났으나 교차로의 규모별, 교통사고 유형별 효과분석에서는 각기 상이한 결과를 나타내기도 하였다. 소규모 교차로에서는 교통사고 유형별로 모두 전방신호등 설치로 인한 감소효과가 나타났지만, 대규모 교차로의 경우 정면충돌 및 측면직각 교통사고 유형에서는 오히려 전방신호등 설치로 인하여 교통사고가 증가하여 교통안전측면에서는 부정적인 결과를 초래하였다. 따라서 대규모 교차로에 전방신호기를 설치 할 경우에는 교통운영 및 교통시설, Human Factor 등 다각적인 측면에 대한 개선안을 신중하게 고려하여 시행 할 것을 권장하는 바이다.