• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2007

Purpose: Anthropometry can be divided into two methods, direct anthropometry and indirect anthropometry. The most ideal and accurate method is a direct anthropometry. However, it is difficult to measure in the case of children because of poor cooperation, and it lacks re-productivity. Cast model has advantages of three dimensional featuring, inexpensive and easy fabrication. This study is conducted to find out an accuracy of indirect anthropometry on cast model by comparing it with direct anthropometry. Methods: Total 48 cleft lip nasal deformity patients (unilateral, 40; bilateral, 8) were included in this study. Cast models were made before surgery under general anesthesia with alginate impression material and model plaster. Eleven linear measurements among 7 landmarks were taken as direct anthropometry before surgery with Castroviejo spreading caliper. At the same time, indirect anthropometry on cast model was done at the same linear distances as well. Results: Of the total 11 linear measurements, both ala lengths, both columella lengths, nose width, projective distance between facial insertion points of the ala, projective distance between the alar base points, right nostril floor width, and columella width were statistically correlated between indirect anthropometry on cast model and direct anthropometry. However, the nasal tip protrusion and the left nostril floor width were not statistically correlated. Conclusion: Accuracy of indirect anthropometry on cast model can be influenced by cast model fabrication techniques and correct identification of landmarks. Nasal tip protrusion could be reduced by compression of the nasal tip in the process of cast model fabrication and nostril floor width can be varied by muscle relaxation of anesthetics and incorrect identification of subalare in cleft lip nasal deformity. If sufficient care is taken to make cast model and to define landmarks exactly, indirect anthropometry on cast model can be a reliable method as direct anthropometry.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2008

Purpose: We measured linear distances, angles and inclinations on the cast models of the noses, and compared these indirect measurements with the direct measurements obtained from the nose in order to validate the accuracy of the indirect anthropometry using the cast model. Methods: Subjects were 50 males and 50 females, medical students in twenties(mean 27.1 years). Cast models were made from the alginate impression material and the plaster. In direct anthropometry, 16 linear, 7 angular, and 2 inclination measurements between 11 landmarks on the nose were obtained using sliding caliper, spreading caliper, and fabric tape measure. At the same time, the same measurements were obtained from the cast models of the same people. Total 25 measurements were compared, and tested by the independent t-test of SPSS. Results: The standard values of Korean nose in twenties were obtained. 24 measurements except the columellar labial angle were not statistically different between the indirect anthropometry and the direct anthropometry. Conclusion: Indirect anthropometry on the cast model of the nose revealed no significant difference from the anthropometric measurement statistically, accounting for 24 in 25 measurements(96%). There are two possible reasons that caused the difference of columellar labial angle between direct and indirect anthropometry. First, the columellar labial angle could be decreased by protrusion of the lips which resulted from contracting mouth in which an drinking straw had been applied on the mouth corner for patients' respiration during making cast model. Second, it is generally known that the columellar labial angle could be measured larger when soft tissues were pressed by protractor in direct anthropometry. Using a drinking straw with greater diameter, and scheming respiration through the nostrils that patients don't feel discomfort, the more accurate data would be obtained from the indirect anthropometry using the cast models of the noses.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2003

This study suggests the new 2D anthropometric method using digital camera. It is used MK2001 program that can convert 2D measurements to 3D measurements. To improve that it is measured 100 college students with direct and indirect anthropometric method. The measurements were processed by the SPSS ver10 Statistical Package. The average, standard deviation, and t-test were calculated for each category. Most measurements by 2D measurements are higher than direct measurements but degree. The difference between direct and indirect measurements is less than 2cm. In the results of t-test, height measurements including other 16 measurements which is easy to measure have no meaningful difference within 1cm. The depth measurements are most high difference. The result of each measurement proves that MK2001 program (2D anthropometry method using digital camera) is available for measuring the human body.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.321-332
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for more functional and more fitting clothing construction. The subjects were college women aged from 18 to 25 in June, 1997. Data were collected by anthropometry and photometry and analyzed by the characteristic of the upper body- The results are as follows: 1. After analyzing direct anthropometric data, 1 have analyzed the data by the characteristic in each somatotype, classified them and I have had 5 groups. Group 1 with middle height and standard type, group 2 with great height and standard type, group 3 with low height and slim type, group 4 with middle height and fat type, and group 5 with low height and a little fat type. 2. After analyzing indirect photometric data, 1 have analyzed them by the characteristic and I have had 4 groups. Group 1 with lean back type, group 2 with sway back type, group 3 with straight type and group 4 with bend forward type. 3. Through the mutual corresponding relation in the 5 groups classified with direct anthropometric measurement and the 4 groups classified with indirect photometric mea- surement, direct-group 1 comes the most corresponding to indirect-group 2, comes second to indirect-group 4, and comes third to indirect-group 1. Direct-group 2 comes the most corresponding to indirect-group 4, direct-group 3 comes the most corresponding to indirect- group 1, direct-group 4 comes the most corresponding to indirect-group 3, and direct-group 5 comes the most corresponding to indirect-group 1.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.24-36
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• 2007

Purpose: Direct anthropometry is an ideal method for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation in plastic surgery, but it requires highly skilled specialty. Indirect anthropometry, especially photogrammetry, is an alternative method. In photogrammetry, standardized clinical photography is essential. Photogrammetry-based standardized clinical photography has several advantages over direct anthropometry. It is easier to measure and has less chance to make errors during measurement. Furthermore, it is possible to repeat measurements, and available for follow up study based on permanent custody. But, it is still different from actual measurement, and inherently less accurate than anthropometry. Methods: The authors revised the standardized clinical photography and then, carried out photogrammetry using Photoshop(Adobe, U.S.A.), and compared each data with those of anthropometry. The subjects were 50 males and 50 females, undergraduate medical students in twenties. Standard head position was obtained from the wire, fixed to cephalostat which indicates the Frankfort horizontal plane. All photographs were taken at the same situation such as fixed position of light, subject and camera, etc. Results: Total 96 measurements, based on 40 landmarks, consist of linear measurements, angular measurements and inclinations include 3 measurements in head, 22 in face, 15 in orbit, 28 in nose, 16 in lip and mouth, and 12 in ear. Conclusion: Normal photogrammetric data of face of Korean in twenties was obtained. Reliable photogrammetric measurements, not significantly different from anthropometric measurement statistically, accounted for 44 in 96 measurements(45.8%). Anthropometric values different from those of photogrammetric values were obtained by multiplying coefficient by photogrammetric value.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.511-517
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• 2016

Anthropometric data of the hand is one of the important issues for the product design related with hand and manual operation in terms of user-centered design. Direct measurement, which traditionally uses anthropometric measuring tool, has a few disadvantages in cumulation of measuring time, possible errors in raw data, doubtful reliability between inspectors. Newly introduced 3D scanning technology overcomes those disadvantages; however, another disadvantages, such as, hight cost and immovability, have been introduced. In this study, photogrammetric approach was introduced for the measurement of anthropometric data in hand. In order to minimize the possibility of error during direct and indirect measurement, a simulated object was used and effectiveness of photogrametric measurement was confirmed for the collection of anthropometric data in hand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.373-389
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to classify the somatotype based on the side view and to analyze the characteristics of each somatotype. The subjects were 201 middle-aged women aged from 35 to 54. Data were collected through anthropometry and photometry and analyzed by factor analysis, cluster analysis, analysis of variance, and discriminant analysis. As the result of factor analysis for the classification of somatotypes, 6 factors which explain 80.8% of variance were extracted from 35 photometric measurement. Using factor scores cluster analysis was carried out and the subjects were classified into 4 cluster Each cluster was classified as straight type, turning over type, bending type and swayback according to its position to the relative plumb line and their side view contour. And 4 somatotypes were analyzed by theirs direct anthropometric and indirect Photometric measurment to represent physical characteristics of each group.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.979-988
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to analyze the lower body size and forms of married women in their thirties who have experienced pregnancy and parturition. Their measurements derived from the direct anthropometry and indirect photographic measures were compared to those of 20's. Improving consumer satisfaction for missy brand, especially in fitness of skirt and pants, some lower body classification were presented. The results were as follows : 1. The characteristics of lower body showed many differences by individuals especially in depth, girth, length and angle measures rather than height and breadth measures. Many items including index, calculations and angles revealed significant differences compared to those of 20's. Several breadth items, crotch length had distinct increase than those of women in twenties. Flattened buttocks side silhouette from waist to hip, buttocks drooping and decrease of inclination implied the influence of pregnancy, parturition and aging. 2. We hardly find out sizing system differences between missy brand and miss brand. Based on waist and hip girth measurements of subjects, sizing system of missy apparel wasn't suitable for their body size. Excessive drop(hip girth-waist girth) of missy brands, 25~30 cm, was almost the same to the drop of miss brands. 3. To improve the size satisfaction of missy women, we classified the lower body into 5 types according to drop, buttocks angle and hip length. Type 1 was small waist with large buttocks projection, and hip length was close to an average. Type 2 was small waist with medium buttocks projection, and the hip length was close to an average. Type 3 was medium waist, with average projection of the buttocks and hip length. Type 4 was large waist, projection of the buttocks and the hip length were close to an average. Type 5 was large waist, projection of the buttocks was small and the hip length was close to an average.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to objectively and subjectively compare the accuracy and reliability of 2-dimensional(2D) photography and 3-dimensional(3D) soft tissue imaging. Materials and Methods: Facial images of 50 volunteers(25 males, 25 females) were captured with a Nikon D800 2D camera (Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), 3D stereophotogrammetry (SPG), and laser scanning (LS). All subjects were imaged in a relaxed, closed-mouth position with a normal smile. The 2D images were then exported to Mirror^® Software (Canfield Scientific, Inc, NJ, USA) and the 3D images into Proplan CMF^® software (version 2.1, Materialise HQ, Leuven, Belgium) for further evaluation. For an objective evaluation, 2 observers identified soft tissue landmarks and performed linear measurements on subjects' faces (direct measurements) and both linear and angular measurements on all images(indirect measurements). For a qualitative analysis, 10 dental observers and an expert in facial imaging (subjective gold standard) completed a questionnaire regarding facial characteristics. The reliability of the quantitative data was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients, whereas the Fleiss kappa was calculated for qualitative data. Results: Linear and angular measurements carried out on 2D and 3D images showed excellent inter-observer and intra-observer reliability. The 2D photographs displayed the highest combined total error for linear measurements. SPG performed better than LS, with borderline significance (P=0.052). The qualitative assessment showed no significant differences among the 2D and 3D imaging modalities. Conclusion: SPG was found to a reliable and accurate tool for the morphological evaluation of soft tissue in comparison to 2D imaging and laser scanning.