• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2015

Since the consumption of the livestock products increased for the past 10 years in Korea, the water use for live animals has become more important in terms of water savings. Therefore, the index connecting water use and livestock products consumption should be required for sustainable water management, and water footprint concept could be suggested as the index. The aim of this study is to estimate the water footprint for livestock products; beef cattle, swine, and broiler chicken. The water footprint for livestock products is divided into direct and indirect water. The direct water includes the drinking and servicing water, and the indirect water includes the water for the cultivation of feed crops. The water footprint of beef cattle was calculated to $17,023.1m^3/ton$, and direct water was $91.2m^3/ton$, and indirect water was $16,931.9m^3/ton$. The water footprint of swine was calculated to $4,235.8m^3/ton$, and direct water was $129.7m^3/ton$, and indirect water was $4,106.0m^3/ton$. The water footprint of broiler chicken was calculated to $2,427.7m^3/ton$, and direct water was $7.6m^3/ton$, and indirect water was $2,420.1m^3/ton$. Also, we compared the water footprint to water demand of water vision 2020 which is the main report for national water management. The water vision 2020 reported only direct water for live animal, but the water footprint includes the direct and indirect water. Therefore, the water footprint could be applied to various fields relating water and food.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.400-406
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• 2013

Water footprint means the direct and indirect water resource amount used for the life cycle of different goods, services and industries. In this study, the direct and indirect water resource consumption in industrial sectors were calculated by using water footprint evaluation method. As a result, agriculture and marine product industry takes part of 93% of whole water resource amount, showing the greatest amount of basic unit of water coefficient (637 $m^3/won$) following by petroleum and cool products industry of about 13 $m^3/won$. In the agriculture and marine product industry, the direct water consumption was only 25 billion $m^3$ compared to the indirect water, which is 130 billion $m^3$. The next highest industry was chemical product industry, which consists of 2 billion $m^3$ of the direct water and 4.5 billion $m^3$ of the indirect water consumption. In case of industries which have high direct water, it would be more effective to reduce amount of water related to the industry than to reduce water in actual process. This water footprint of each industry and evaluation method will be useful tool and method for development of national water management policy and regulation.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-39
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• 2010

In this paper, water consumption annually for industries in Korea was estimated for the first time and based on this, an input-output model was prepared for water consumption analysis. Also making use of this, the direct and indirect water consumption effect according to industrial activities was analyzed and the total effect based on volume was broken down into each factor. The amount of water consumed for industries in Korea (excluding agriculture, forestry and fishery) was estimated about 7 billion and 692 million ton in 2003(excluding sea water). Classifying by industry, the one for electric power & water service accounted for almost half, 49.5%, metalworking industry for 24.3% and chemical industry for 5.0%. As the result of estimation for the direct and indirect water consumption inducement coefficients, the amount of water consumed per the production of one million won ranked the highest for electric power & water service as 113.8 ton and the next highest ones ranked as 49.6 ton for the first metalworking, 16.8 ton for textile and leather goods, and 11.9 ton for general machinery respectively. In the meantime, as the result of breaking down into each factor of total amount of water consumed by industry, it appeared that the ripple effect having on other industries was more than the direct effect.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.827-834
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• 2013

The water footprint of product and service is the total volume of freshwater consumed, directly and indirectly, in the life cycle of a product and service. Up to date, water consumption data for industries and products were not well quantified and developed. Especially it is important to construct for agriculture industry which consumes lots of water. In this study, by using Cropwat 8.0 model, we tried to evaluate regionalized water consumption related with rice production in agriculture industry in eight regions (Gangwon, Gyeongi, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, Jeonnam, Jeonbuk, Chungnam, Chungbuk). As a result, Gyeongbuk region has the lowest water consumption in rice production, which is $1,356.68m^3/ton$, on the other hand, Jeonnam region has the highest water consumption ($1,669.54m^3/ton$). By using the average indirect water consumption ($1,487.87m^3/ton$) of eight regions and direct water consumption, the total water footprint for the rice amount of rice bowl size (130 g), which is 193.6 L was calculated. Based on this research approach, we should develop water footprint database of all agriculture products and expand to other industrial sectors.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 1997

As a prioiminary study on usage of metabolic charateristics of the indicator species for indirect estimation of environmental water quality, effects of environmental pollutants on survival, filtration and oxygen consumption rates in Corbicula aeana were investigated at 17$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ in 10 day afrer treatmint of pollutants. In case of glucose and complex fertilizer, the survival rates of the clams were 100% without any relation to individual sizes and water temperatures. In small sizes at $25^{\circ}C$, the survival rates of the clams by NH$_{4}$CI concentration were shown 95% at 10 mg/1 and 15mg/1, and 90% at 20mg/1, respectively. But the survival rate was 95%at 20 mg/1 of NH$_{4}$CI concentration in small size at 17$^{\circ}C$. The higher filtration and oxygin consumption rates were shown in small size at higher water timperatures(over $25^{\circ}C$), and generally filtration and oxygen consumption rates decreased with increase of glucose, complex fertilizer and NH$_{4}$CI concentrations, respectively. In general, effects of filtration and oxygen consumption rates at NH$_{4}$CI concentrations were shown slightly larger than those of glucose and complex fertilizer.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.963-968
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• 2010

This study has carried out to evaluate the performance of direct and indirect oxidation electrode for the purpose of decolorization of Rhodamine B (RhB) in water. Four kinds of electrodes were used for comparison: Pt and JP202 (indirect oxidation electrode), Pb and boron doping diamond (BDD, direct oxidation electrode). The effect of applied current (0.5 ~ 2.5 A), electrolyte type (NaCl, KCl, HCl, $Na_2SO_4$ and $H_2SO_4$) and electrolyte concentration (0.5 ~ 2.5 g/L), solution pH (3 ~ 11) and initial RhB concentration (25 ~ 125 mg/L) were evaluated. Experimental results showed that RhB removal efficiency were increased with increase of current, NaCl dosage and decrease of the pH. However, the effect of operating parameter on the RhB removal were different with the electrode type. JP202 electrode was the best electrode from the point of view of performance and energy consumption. The order of removed RhB concentration per energy lie in: JP202>Pt>Pb>BDD.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.119-119
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• 2020

Globally, the demand for food and water resources are increasing rapidly with the growing concerns of meeting the projected population upsurge, specifically by 2050. The global population is projected to hit 9.8 billion in 2050 while the food demand is expected to increase by 77% from the 2007 base year. Moreover, the already scarce water resources, especially in the food-producing regions, expected to be significantly affected as food production already accounts for over 70% of the global water resources. However, the estimated food demand encapsulated the actual demand for both human consumption and animal feed in addition to the exuberant food waste at the consumption stage of the supply chain, notably in the developed countries. Managing the food consumption demand and food waste can have across-the-board benefits on water resources and other associated food production impacts. This study assessed the water-saving potentials through food waste in Korean households using the food waste data obtained from the direct weighing analysis. The household food waste collection and characterization were carried out during the summer (July), fall (September), and winter (December) seasons of 2019. The water footprint related to the food waste within Korean households was based on the water footprint concept, i.e. indirect water use. The results of our estimation showed that an average Korean household wasted 6.15 ± 4.36 kg daily, amounting to 12.53 ± 11.10 m3 of water resources associated with the waste. On the per capita basis, an average of 0.024 ± 0.017 kg/capita/day of food was wasted resulting to 0.049 ± 0.044 m3/capital/day of water resources wasted. The food waste types that accounted for the principal share in the water footprint were beef, soybean, rice and pork with values 30.7, 10.1, 9.6, and 7.5%, respectively. Considering that the production of meat and meat products are water intensive and the agricultural water use in Korea is largely for rice production, addressing the food waste of these two important agricultural products can be a hotspot for water saving potential in the country. This study therefore provides an insight to addressing the water scarcity in the country through reducing household food waste.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.599-606
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• 1999

Water extracts of persimmon leaf tea(PLTE), green tea(GTE) and oolong tea(OTE), at the con centration used for human consumption, were examined for inhibitory effects on the mutagenicity of major classes of dietary and environmental mutagens including indirect acting mutagens, B[ ]P (benzo[ ]pyrene), IQ(2 amino 3 methylimidazo[4,5 f]quinoline), 2 AA(2 aminoanthracene) in the presence of S9 mix and direct acting mutagen, 4 NQO(4 nitroquinoline 1 oxide) without S9 mix, using the modified Ames Salmonella/microsome assay. PLTE, GTE and OTE showed very potent and concentration dependent antimutagenic effects against indirect acting mutagens B[ ]P and IQ. At the maximum concentration(16,200 g/plate) of each tea extract, number of colonies decreased in a dose dependent manner up to 82~100%. Similar inhibition of PLTE, GTE and OTE were seen at higher concentration in the mutagenicity of the 2 AA following an initial increase in the activity at lower concentration. However, the mutagenicity of the direct acting mutagen 4 NQO were not suppressed at lower concentration of the three tea extracts, and higher concentration of the tea extracts enhanced mutagenic activity of the mutagen. There were no differences in the mode of antimutagenesis between PLTE, GTE, and OTE, in both Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains against the same mutagen. In conclusion, the water extracts of persimmon leaf tea, green tea and oolong tea possess marked antimutagenic potential against a variety of important dietary and environmental indirect acting mutagens, but the activity was not observed against the direct acting mutagens. These results suggest that the mode of inhibitory action may not have resulted from direct interaction between tea extracts and the mutagens, but rather from indirect metabolic inactivation of mutagens by tea extracts.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.65-74
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• 2014

Water footprint is defined as the total volume of direct and indirect water used to produce a good and service by consumer or producer, and measured at the point of production based on virtual water concept. The green and blue water footprint refers to the volume of the rainwater and the irrigation water consumed, respectively. Crop water footprint is expected to be used as the basic data for agricultural water resources policies at production, consumption and trade aspect. Thus, it is necessary to estimate suitable green and blue water footprint for South Korea. The objective of this paper is to quantify the green and blue water footprint and usage of upland crops during the period 2001-2010. To estimate the water footprint, 43 upland crop production quantity and harvested area data were collected for 10 years and FAO Penman-Monteith equation was adopted for calculating crop water requirement. As the results, the water footprint of cereals, vegetables, fruits and oil crops accounted for 1,994, 165, 605, and 4,226 $m^3/ton$, respectively. The usage of water footprint for crop production has been estimated at 3,499 (green water) and 216 (blue water) $Mm^3/yr$ on average showing a tendency to decrease. Fruits and vegetables have the largest share in the green water usage, consuming about 1,200 and 1,060 $Mm^3/yr$ which are about 65 % of gross usage. The results of this study are expected to be understood by the agricultural water footprint as well as by the total water footprint from both a production and consumption perspective in Korea.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.481-489
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• 1998

The effects of recirculated exhaust gas on the characteristics of fuel economy combustion and exhaust emissions have been experimentally investigated by a four-cylinder four cycle indirect injection water-cooled and marine diesel engine operating at several loads and speeds. in order to reduce the soot contents in the recirculated exhaust gas to intake system of the engine a novel diesel soot removal system with a cylinder-type scrubber which has 6 water injectors(A water injector has 144 nozzles in 1.0 mm diameter) is specially designed and manufactured for the experiment system The experiments in this study are performed at the fixed fuel injection timing of $15.3^{\circ}$ BTDC regardless of experimental conditions, The brake specific fuel consumption rate is slightly fluctuated with EGR in the range of experimental conditions, The maximum value of premixed combustion for the rate of heat release is decreased with EGR at engine load 25% and the ignition is slightly delayed with EGR at engine load 100% NOx emissions are markedly decreased with EGR especially at high loads while soot emissions are increased as the EGR rate rises.