• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2012

The experiment involved observations of 2,514 Holstein-Friesian cows to determine the effects of environmental factors (cow's age, calving season, weight and sex of calves, housing system) and genetic factors on gestation length in dairy cattle and the correlation between gestation length and other reproductive traits (calving ease, stillbirth rates and placental expulsion). Genetic parameters were estimated based on the sires of calved cows (indirect effect) and the sires of live-born calves (direct effect). The following factors were found to contribute to prolonged gestation: increasing cow's age, male fetuses and growing fetus weight. Optimal gestation length was determined in the range of 275-277 days based on calving ease and stillbirth rates. The heritability of gestation length was estimated at 0.201-0.210 by the direct effect and 0.055-0.073 by the indirect effect. The resulting genetic correlations suggest that the efforts to optimize (prolong) gestation length could exert an adverse influence on the breeding value of bulls by increasing perinatal mortality and calving difficulty. The standard errors of the investigated parameters were relatively high, suggesting that any attempts to modify gestation length for the purpose of improving calving ease and reducing stillbirth rates should be introduced with great caution.

• The Journal of Korean Institute for Practical Engineering Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2013

The program educational objectives(PEO) are defined as the competences and qualifications that the graduates should reach in 2~3 years after graduation. As indirect assessment this paper develops and presents a set of questions to evaluate how important the established PEOs are in the fields and how much the graduates achieves them. The survey was conducted and analyzed to evaluate the degree of importance and achievement of each PEO by using IPA(Importance-Performance Analysis) scheme.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures containing developed liquid anti-stripping agents using the boiling water test as a screening test. METHODS : The boiling water test was used to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures containing different anti-stripping agents. The tensile strength ratio was calculated to compare the moisture susceptibility of the asphalt mixtures after indirect strength tests were performed. Additionally, image analysis techniques were used to calculate and analyze the quantity of stripped area in the asphalt mixtures. RESULTS : In general, the asphalt mixtures containing anti-stripping agents showed a higher resistance of anti-stripping based on the boiling water test and tensile strength ratio. CONCLUSIONS : The boiling water test can be used to differentiate the resistance of moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures, except for asphalt mixtures containing hydrated lime. The boiling water test can be used as a screening test for asphalt mixtures before conducting time consuming and expensive indirect tensile strength tests.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.92-98
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• 2002

End mill is an essential tool to generate complex surface in workpiece and it has been developed with various materials and tool shapes. The most important factor to evaluate the performance of end mill is still the wear characteristics of flank face. In addition to the flank wear, the tool edge roughness generated by the chipping is another important factor in aspects of material property and machinability evaluation and affects the quality of machined surface. Up to now, there is no direct method for measurement of tool edge roughness. In this study, the tool edge roughness of flat end mill is indirectly measured along the axial direction of workpiece. The theoretical equation is derived in consideration of tool geometry. Finally, the optimal conditions to measure the tool edge roughness by the proposed method are presented through the theoretical review and experimental identification.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.496-501
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• 2012

Thirty-five available feeds were fermented in vitro in order to investigate their soluble total organic carbon (TOCs) and methane ($CH_4$) production rate. A fermentation reactor was designed to capture the $CH_4$ gas emitted and to collect liquor from the reactor during in vitro fermentation. The results showed that $CH_4$ production rate greatly varied among feeds with different ingredients. The lowest $CH_4$-producing feeds were corn gluten feed, brewer's grain, and orchard grass among the energy, protein, and forage feed groups, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in digestibility, soluble total organic carbon (TOCs), and $CH_4$ emissions among feeds, during 48 h of in vitro fermentation. Digestibility and TOCs was not found to be related due to different fermentation pattern of each but TOCs production was directly proportional to $CH_4$ production (y = 0.0076x, $r^2$ = 0.83). From this in vitro study, TOCs production could be used as an indirect index for estimation of $CH_4$ emission from feed ingredients.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.51-59
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• 2019

The government is encouraging the notice of obligatory reclaimed asphalt as a result of the economic and social positioning of green growth to reduce the amount of waste resources and to solve natural resource problems by recycling continuously generated waste resources. However, it is necessary to develop application guideline for each application to apply reclaimed asphalt to the site because quality control of the reclaimed asphalt is difficult and the specifications are ambiguous as well. Therefore, in this study, the mix design, quality test, performance test, and finite element analysis about reclaimed Asphalt Pavement were conducted to develop application guideline for reclaimed hot asphalt. The mix design was carried out for the comparative general hot mix asphalt mixture, the reclaimed hot mix asphalt mixture using the additive, and the reclaimed hot mix asphalt mixture without the additive. Indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio tests were used to characterize the reclaimed hot mix asphalt mixture. Using the results of dynamic modulus test and FWD test for KPRP analysis and finite element analysis, the performance life was evaluated for general pavement and pavement using recycled aggregate. Finally, the life cycle cost analysis was used to compare and analyze the economics of reclaimed asphalt concrete pavement.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.4 no.1 s.11
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• pp.161-170
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• 2002

This study is a fundamental research for recycling waste polyethylene film(WPF) in asphalt concrete for roadway pavement. The objective of this study is to develop technology of making waste polyethylene asphalt mixture and evaluate properties of the asphalt concrete containing WPF. Asphalt concrete for surface course of pavement was produced through an appropriate mix-design using dense-graded and gap-graded aggregates. Marshall mix design, indirect tensile strength test, wheel tracking test and tensile fatigue test were performed. Test result showed that some WPF asphalt mixtures had a high tensile property and good resistances against rutting and fatigue cracking, compared with normal asphalt mixture.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.382-387
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• 1995

To check the possible application of our anti-AFP monocional antibodies (MAbs) as immunodiagnostic reagents for hepatocellular carcinoma, ELISA and immunohistochemical assay were performed on the sera and liver biopsy specimens from the patients of hepatocellular carcinoma and other non-malignant hepatic disease. By non-competitive ELISA using anti-AFP MAbs, the highest incidence of AFP value was found only in the sera of hepatocellular carcinoma patients, i.e., more than 54% of patients had serum AFP levels of more than 500 ng/mi. By immunoperoxidase and indirect immunofluorescence techniques, anti-AFP MAbs were found to react with cytoplasm of hepatoceliular carcinoma cells. However immunohistochemical reactIvity to AFP in hepatocellular carcinoma cells was lower than that in non-neoplastic liver cells adjacent to the hepatocellular carcinoma. From these results with the similar findings from other studies, we suggest that AFP antigen is appropriate in the diagnosis assay (ELISA) but is not by immunohistochemical detection.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to investigate the bodice patterns by analyzing sensory evaluations. Anthropomatric data was collected between April and October of 2000. Total 283 body measurements were collected for this study including both direct and indirect measurements(29 variables from the direct anthropometric data. 5 variables from the indirect anthropometric data). Data were analyzing using percentiles. standard deviation and Anova. The appearance and fit of three kinds of bodice patterns (N. L. H type) were evaluated by expert panel and the subjects. The results of the anthropometric measurements and sensory evaluations are as follows : A significant differences (p$\leq$.001) in the height, width and girth Items was found. The results of the bodice pattern evaluations by expert panel indicates that a significant difference (p${\le}$.05) in the responses to the placement of the waist dart, the fit of the bust area and the placement o( the back shoulder dart for 20's and 30's. The result of the evaluations by subjects indicates that a significant difference (p${\le}$.05) in the responses to the placement of the waist dart for 40's. A significant difference (p${\le}$.05) in the responses to the suitability of the shoulder area among the age groups.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.422-431
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• 2003

The use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), a stimulator of erythropoiesis, banned in sports because of the medical risk associated with thrombosis. Due to analytical difficulties to differentiate between natural human EPO (hEPO) and rhEPO, blood parameters of erythropoiesis such as contents of hemoglobin (cut-off value <17.5 g/d l for man, and < 16.0 g/dl for women), hematocrit and reticulocytes (cut-off value <2.0%) were measured to focus the misuse of rhEPO. We conducted anti-doping test for 122 blood samples of the World Cup athletes. The mean values of key parameters are as follows; 14.5$\pm$1.0 g/dl for hemoglobin, 41.7$\pm$2.8% for hematocrit, and 1.3$\pm$0.4% for reticulocyte. Blood sample was found to be stable up to 8 hours for the reticulocyte measurement. In addition, the soluble transferrin receptor and ferritin levels were measured by immunoassay methods using plasma samples (n=28) in which the mean value was 0.8$\pm$0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$m\ell$ and 54.6$\pm$33.7 ng/$m\ell$, respectively. The results indicate that all samples tested were negative for the blood parameters of indirect anti-doping test for hEPO misuse. The statistical evaluation suggest that several other parameters such as red blood cell, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and white blood cell could be considered as factors influencing hEPO function in addition to five parameters mentioned.