• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.56 no.11
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• pp.697-703
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• 2023

In this study, a modified indirect evaluation method was developed to predict the deterioration level of water pipes. The accuracy of the modified method was verified by comparing it with the direct method. The weights of index were adjusted by reducing the weight of water quality corrosion, soil corrosion, lay depth and road type according to the importance of the existing evaluation factors and adding the weight of pipe thickness. In the results, the weight of pipe thickness was determined to be 0.1530. Comparing with the direct evaluation method, the accuracy of the modified indirect evaluation method increased by 31.03% compared to the indirect evaluation method. The modified indirect evaluation method will be able to select relatively old pipes more accurately and efficiently than the existing indirect evaluation method when prioritizing the improvement of old water pipes.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.669-683
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• 2012

The water supply pipes are buried across wide range of areas, so it is hard to spot them using excavation and takes a large amount of expense. Thus, there is a high risk for direct research and application, accompanying many difficulties in implementation of them. Therefore, it is more economical and convenient to use indirect evaluation variables than direct evaluation of the buried pipes in assessing the degree of pipe deterioration. To assess the degree of pipe deterioration using the indirect evaluation variables, it should be done first to identify how and to what extent they affect the degree of deterioration. This study measured the evaluation variables for pipe deterioration using the pipe endoscope and analyzed the measurement results and the degree of impact on the pipes. In addition, this study attempted to evaluate the adequateness of the pipe deterioration evaluation using the indirect variables based on the analysis results. The evaluation variables measured through the pipe endoscope were the thickness of sediments, size of scale, degree of desquamation and condition of connections. For the indirect evaluation variables, the data such as the property data from GIS pipe network map as well as the material, diameter, age and pipe lining material of the pipe, road type, leakage frequency, average water velocity and water pressure using the leakage repair records was collected. Using the collected data, this study comparatively analyzed the indirect evaluation variables for the degree of pipe deterioration and the results from the pipe endoscope to choose appropriate variables for pipe deterioration evaluation and calculated the weights of the indirect variables on the degree of deterioration. The results showed that the order of the impact of indirect variables on deterioration was pipe age > pipe lining material > road type > leakage frequency > average water velocity with their weights of 0.45, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, and 0.10, respectively. Conclusively, the results suggest that the measures of sediment thickness, scale size, degree of desquamation and condition of connections are appropriate for the evaluation of pipe deterioration and sufficient for the analysis of the impact of the indirect variables on deterioration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.564-567
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• 1997

In the design of structure the forces acting on the structure are important parameter for noise and vibration control. However, in the complex structure, the forces at the injection point on the structure cannot be measured directly. Thus it is necessary to find out indirect force evaluation method. In this paper forces have been measured with in-situ vibration responses and system information. Three existing techniques of indirect force measurement, viz. direct inverse, principal component analysis and regularization have been compared. It has been shown that multi-vibration responses are essential for the precise estimation of the forces. To satisfy those conditions, Rotary compressor is adopted as test sample, because it is very difficult to measure the injection forces from internal excitation to shell. It has also been obtained that relatively higher force is transmitted though three welding paths to the compressor shell. It shows a good agreement between direct and indirect force evaluation with curvature shell and plate and is investigated the possibility of force evaluation of rotary compressor as a complex structure.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4_2
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• pp.995-1006
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• 2003

Objective: The purpose of this study is to see whether pain in cancer patients is decreased by Eriobotryae Folium Fomentation. Methods: We examined the change in pain among six cancer patients, prescribing Eriobotryae Folium Fomentation. As for evaluating methods, we used the case history of pain, the direct evaluation of pain, the indirect evaluation of pain. The direct evaluation of pain is subdivided by the language expression, the non-language expression, and Visual analog scale(VAS). The indirect evaluation of pain is subdivided by the condition of walking, mood and the condition of sleep. Results: After two weeks, any remarkable pain decrease is not observed in both of the direct evaluation and indirect evaluation.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.501-522
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• 2013

This study has performed comparative analysis on benefit indicators in agricultural irrigation and drainage project cases between Korea and Japan. The irrigation and drainage project with publicity should do economic analysis of direct benefit factors as well as indirect benefit factors. However, traditional economic evaluations are used that benefit factors are lack of consistency and focused on direct benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop indicators for the economic evaluation of irrigation and drainage projects. We conducted a case study between Korea and Japan. The resulting benefit factors was divided into direct factors and indirect factors. The direct benefit factors were increase in income, cost savings. The indirect benefit factors were protection of property due to flooding, agricultural promotion, aesthetic improvement. The implications of this study are that the indicators of economic analysis can be evaluated and easily applied. Moreover, these indicators could promote the feasibility of economic analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.51 no.8
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• pp.77-91
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the perceived facial attractiveness and appropriateness of clothing on the evaluation of task performance of target person mediated by subjects'likability toward and trait evaluation of the target person. The facial attractiveness of the female university students were used as index of physical attractiveness in this study. Three levels of facial attractiveness was manipulated based on the judgements by 30 female university students. Four types of clothes were selected perceived appropriate for two assumed situations by female university students. Three female faces having high. medium, and low attractiveness were simulated with the same body dressed four types of clothing respectively using CAD system, and a total of 12 stimulus persons were created. The design for the experiment was a $3\tiems4\times2$ randomaized factorial. with three levels of facial attractiveness(high, medium, low), and four types attire(formal-masculine, formal-feminine, casual-masculine, casual-feminine), two kinds of context (job interview, dating) in which perceptions were occurred. The subjects of this study was 524 male and female(262 of male, 262 of female) university students from 3 universities in Kwangju, Korea. The data were analysed using factor analysis. descriptive statistics, regression, path analysis. The results were as follows : 1. In bogus job interview. the direct effect of perceived facial attractiveness on task performance evaluation was .175 and the indirect effect mediated by likability and trait evaluation was .285 in path analysis model. The direct effect of perceived appropriateness of clothing on task performance evaluation was .111 and the indirect effect mediated by likability only was .0564 in pass analysis model. 2. In dating situation, the direct effect of perceived facial attractiveness on task performance evaluation was .355, the indirect effect mediated by likability and trait evaluation was .188 in path analysis model. The direct effect of perceived appropriateness of clothing on task performance evaluation was .108, the indirect effect mediated by likability and trait evaluation was .060 in Pass analysis.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1991

This study was carried out to evaluate indirect methods of engine torque measurement. Three indirect methods based on throttle valve opening, exhaust gas temperature and inlet air pressure were compared. The indirect method based on throttle valve opening appeared to be the most satisfactory in terms of accuracy and response time. The discrepancies between the direct method and the indirect method based on throttle valve opening in measuring engine torque were 2% on t he average.

• Solar Energy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.74-81
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• 1988

A preliminary study has been done to investigate the thermal performance of an indirect system. Direct systems are also analyzed and the results are compared with those of the indirect system where possible. Values from the numerical simulation show very good agreement with the measured data. Although the indirect system is generally expensive and not as efficient as direct systems, it is more reliable in frigid weather conditions like the winters in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 1993.06a
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• pp.1082-1085
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• 1993

In this paper, we notice the fact that a human learning process is characterized by a process under a natural language environment, and discuss an approach of learning based on indirect linguistic instructions. An instruction is interpreted through some meaning elements and each trend. Fuzzy evaluation rule are constructed for the searched meaning elements of the given instruction, and the performance of a system to be learned is improved by the evaluation rules. In this paper, we propose a framework of learning based on indirect linguistic instruction based learning using fuzzy theory: FULLINS(FUzzy-Learning based on Linguistic IN-Struction). The validity of FULLINS is shown by applying it to helicopter flight control.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.322-330
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• 2008

This paper deals with an economic evaluation of domestic photobiological hydrogen production. We evaluate the economic feasibility of domestic photobiological hydrogen production utilizing green algae and cyanobacteria. In addition, we make some sensitivity analysis of hydrogen production prices by changing the values of input factors such as the price of a photo-bioreactor and the value of solar to hydrogen efficiency. The estimated hydrogen production price of the two-step indirect biophotolysis was 12,099won/kg$H_2$. It is expected that the hydrogen production price by the two-step indirect biophotolysis can be reduced to 2,143won/kg$H_2$ if the solar to hydrogen efficiency is increased to 10% and the price of a photo-bioreactor is decreased to $25/$m^2$. The two-step indirect biophotolysis is evaluated as uneconomical at this time, and we need to enhance the solar to hydrogen efficiency and to reduce the prices of the photo-bioreactor and system facilities.