• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 2011

We investigated the effects of fucoidan and lutein against dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice colitis. Evaluations were made of the body weight, histological index such as crypt injury and inflammation score, biochemical factor such as serum amyloid (SAA) and MPO level data. The combination of fucoidan and lutein reduced the score of crypt injury and inflammation and markedly showed more decrease of the SAA and MPO levels than 5-ASA group. In addition, each sample of fucoidan and lutein was reduced the level of IL-6 which is stimulated by a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in HT-29 cell line in vitro. Therefore, fucoidan and lutein may be useful as a dietary substance for preventing inflammatory bowel disease in humans.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 1978

A total of 200 patients, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years, were selected for the study. Each had at least one tooth which was restored with complete cast gold crown and a nonrestored contralateral tooth with no clinical evidence of caries and periodontal disease. The gingival tissues adjacent to the crowned and nonrestored teeth were examined to determine the evaluation of the severity of inflammation and probed to determine individual pocket depth. The findings are listed here. 1. The average sulcus bleeding index of the gingival tissues adjacent to crowned teeth was 1.99. The average sulcus bleeding index of the gingival tissues adjacent to nonrestored teeth was 0.67. 2. The average gingival sulcus depth adjacent to crowned teeth was 2.19mm. The average gingival sulcus depth adjacent to non restored teeth was 1.68mm. 3. No difference could be found between the average gingival sulcus bleeding index and average gingival sulcus depth of male and those of female. 4. The difference between sulcus bleeding index of the gingival tissues adjacent to crowned teeth and sulcus bleeding index of the gingival tissues adjacent to nonrestored teeth increased with increased age of the cast crown.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.169-178
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• 2008

Objectives : Inflammation is important event in the development of vascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and restenosis. Injinho-tang(IJHT) has been used as a traditional Korean herbal medicine since ancient times, and today it is widely used as a medication for jaundice associated with inflammation of the liver. The aim of this study was to determine whether IJHT and its components inhibit production of nitrite, an index of NO, and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : Cytotoxic activity of IJHT and its components on RAW 264.7 cells was using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. The levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were detected by western blot. Results : IJHT and its components significantly inhibited the LPS-induced NO production and iNOS expression accompanied by an attenuation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$), interleukin-6 (1L-6), IL-$1{\beta}$ and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) formation in macrophages. Conclusions : IJHT and its components inhibit LPS-induced inflammation via decreasing cytokines production. These results indicate that IJHT and its components have potential as an anti-inflammation and anti-artherosclerosis agent.

• Urogenital Tract Infection
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.51-57
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• 2018

Purpose: The effects of Lactobacillus fermentation extract (LFE) on cystitis induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the mouse bladder were investigated by pathological analyses and measurement of the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha ($TNF-{\alpha}$) and interleukin-18 (IL-18). Materials and Methods: LFE was administered orally ($5{\mu}g/L$) to mice for 10 days after which the study group (n=12) received transurethral injection of $5{\mu}g/L$ LPS. The bladder tissue was then harvested after 24 hours and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining. A semi-quantitative score was used to evaluate inflammation (bladder inflammation index, BII). $TNF-{\alpha}$ immunohistochemical staining and multiplex cytokine assays were also performed. $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-18 levels were determined. The results were compared with those of the control group (n=12). Results: The BII in the control and study groups was $2.7{\pm}0.5$ and $1.1{\pm}0.7$, respectively, with the control group scores differing significantly from the study group scores (p<0.001). $TNF-{\alpha}$ immunohistochemical staining results were similar. The $TNF-{\alpha}$ levels determined by the multiplex cytokine assay were $2.82{\pm}1.35pg/mg$ and $1.55{\pm}0.56pg/mg$ for the control and study groups, respectively, and the difference between these groups was statistically significant (p=0.007). Conclusions: Oral administration of LFE appears to have a preventive effect against the inflammatory responses and $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression induced by transurethral instillation of LPS in the mouse bladder. Further studies are required to determine the clinical application of this finding.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.433-440
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• 1994

The purpose of this investigation was to study the efficacy and safety of 6% hydrogen peroxide gel as a daily home tooth bleaching gel. The subjects consisted of 20 male dental students representing a variety of acquired stain and each subject participated for a 4-week period. Tooth color analysis(Shade determination), sulcus bleeding index, probing depth and probing attachment level were done and recorded at baseline and at the end of each week of study. The results indicated that home bleaching gel containing 6% hydrogen peroxide was effective and caused no gingival inflammation. Sulcus bleeding index, probing depth and probing attachment level showed no change. In conclusion, 6% hydrogen peroxide gel is an effective and safe agent for daily home tooth bleaching.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2002

Purpose; Dysregulation of gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important in development of ulcer, atrophy and neoplasia in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of infection of H. pylori on gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis in children. Methods: Histological grading by updated Sydney system, PCNA immunostaining and TUNEL method were performed in H. pylori positive (N=58) and negative (N=40) gastric biopsy specimens. Results: In H. pylori positive children, there were significantly higher grade of polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (P=0.000), chronic inflammation (P=0.000), epithelial damage (P=0.000) and lymphoid follicles (P=0.000) than in H. pylori negative children. Intestinal metaplasia was not seen in H. pylori positive children. PCNA index was significantly different between H. pylori positive children ($67.8{\pm}18.13$) and H. pylori negative children ($54.8{\pm}14.46$, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between PCNA index and H. pylori density (r=0.277, P=0.007), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.280, P=0.007) and chronic inflammation (r=0.284, P=0.006). Apoptosis index of H. pylori positive children ($0.44{\pm}0.447$) was significantly higher than of H. pylori negative children ($0.14{\pm}0.196$, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between apoptosis index and H. pylori density (r=0.472, P=0.000), polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity (r=0.370, P=0.001) and chronic inflammation (r=0.483, P=0.000). There was positive correlation between PCNA index and apoptosis index (r=0.353, P=0.003). Conclusion: The PCNA and apoptosis index in H. pylori positive children were significantly higher than in H. pylori negative children. This study suggested that gastric epithelial cell proliferation and apoptosis are important to pathogenesis of H. pylori infection in children.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.98-109
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• 2022

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the large intestine. Oxidative stress and inflammation play a major role in IBS. Considering the antioxidant properties of ellagic acid (EA), this study was designed to evaluate the effect of EA on oxidative stress index, inflammatory markers, and quality of life in patients with IBS. This research was conducted as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial; 44 patients with IBS were recruited. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly allocated to consume a capsule containing 180 mg of EA per day (n = 22) or a placebo (n = 22) for 8 weeks. Serum levels of total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured at the beginning and the end of the study. Also, quality of life was assessed using a self-report questionnaire for IBS patients (IBS-QOL). At the end of the study, we saw a significant decrease and increase in the MDA and TAC in the intervention group, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, EA consumption reduced CRP and IL-6 levels, and these changes were significant in comparison with placebo group changes (p < 0.05). The overall score of IBS-QOL significantly decreased, and quality of life was increased (p < 0.05), but there were no significant changes in the placebo group. According to these findings, receiving polyphenols, such as EA, may help maintain intestinal health by modulating inflammation and oxidative stress and ultimately improving the quality of life in IBS patients.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.377-388
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• 1998

This double-blind controlled clinical and microbiological study was carried out to determine the effects of mouthwash preparation containing the mixture of herbal extract on developing plaque and gingivitis in the experimental gingivitis model. Following a 2-week normalization period, 34 dental students were distributed randomly into 1 of 3 treatment groups. They rinsed, under supervision, two times daily for 3 weeks with either normal saline(CT), 0.1% chlorhexidine(CH), or the mixture of herbal extract (HT), but refrained from any oral hygiene measures. The Plaque Index(PlI), the Gingival Index(GI), and the amount of Gingival Crevicular Fluid(GCF) were measured at week 0,1,2, and 3 of the experimental period, while the assessment of total wet weight of plaque and the phase contrast microscopic examination of plaque were performed at the end of experimental period(3 weeks). Subjects using mouthrinse preparation containing the mixture of herbal extract demonstrated negligible, if any, changes in the accumulation and microbial composition of plaque compared to those using normal saline, while the reduction of gingival inflammation by this mixture was highly significant and comparable to that of chlorhexidine. The results of this study indicate that the preparation containing the mixture of herbal extract do not provide any antiplaque benefits but is very effective in inhibiting the development of and in reducing existing experimental gingivitis when used as mouthrinse. Further research is needed to determine whether a significant reduction of gingival inflammation without a concomitant decrease in plaque accumulation is of clinical importance.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.51-68
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• 2008

The effect of combinational treatment of oral HTGMB and topical CSGMB ("H&C" hereinafter) on the changes of dermal inflammation index and immune system were studied using NC/Nga atopic dermatitis animal model. 1. Through naked eye examination, H&C ameliorated atopic dermatitis compared to the control group. Significant reduction of dermal inflammation index was observed after 12 weeks of treatment. 2. The H&C treated group showed 51% increase in the number of immune cells in DLN, and 59% increase in the number of immune cells is dorsal skin. 3. The H&C treated group showed decrease of 26%, 8%, 59% in CD19+, CD3+/CD69+, B220+/IgE+ cells in DLN respectively. On the other hand, CD3+, CD8+, CD4+ cells were increased by 8%, 31%, 12%, respectively. 4. The H&C treated group showed significant decrease of 38% and 47% in B220+/IgE+, CD11b+/Gr-1+ cells within dorsal skin respectively. Also, a decrease in CCR3+ cells by 21% was observed. 5. Significant decrease of the production of IL-4, IL-5, GM-CSF by 39%, 65%, 60% respectively, in spleen cells activated with CD3 and CD28 were observed in the H&C treated group. The results above strongly suggest significance of anti-atopic dermatitis effect of combinational treatment of oral HTGMB and topical CSGMB through immune modulation. Further applications in clinical use of the treatment are anticipated.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.446-454
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• 2012

In order to evaluate the efficacy of SHT against atopic dermatitis (AD), various immune related cytokines as well as histological comparison were performed in animal models, and the results are described. Clinical skin index of the SHT treated group decreased significantly in weeks 11 and 13, compared to the control group. Also, CD4+ immune cell ratio in the dorsal skin was significantly decreased to 69%, and both epidermal and dermal skin thickness was decreased. Serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, and TNF-${\alpha}$, which are all important markers of inflammation, were decreased to 64%, 44%, 87%, 48%, and 45%, respectively. The expression of histamine, a chemical transmitter increasingly released during the progression of inflammation, was significantly decreased to 47%. The production of IgE immunoglobulin was significantly decreased to 16% compared to the control group. In conclusion, SHT pacifies the activation of T cells, leading to suppression of both Th2 cytokine overexpression and infiltration of immune cells into skin. As a result, relative thinning of both epidermis and dermis were observed. With the results obtained from in vitro studies, the immune modulatory effect of SHT in AD animal models was experimentally demonstrated. This study should provide solid information to construct EBM and for clinical practice.