• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.305-316
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• 2009

In this study, we suggest an empirical forecast of CIR (Corotating Interaction Regions) and geomagnetic storm based on the information of coronal holes (CH). For this we used CH data obtained from He I $10830{\AA}$ maps at National Solar Observatory-Kitt Peak from January 1996 to November 2003 and the CIR and storm data that Choi et al. (2009) identified. Considering the relationship among coronal holes, CIRs, and geomagnetic storms (Choi et al. 2009), we propose the criteria for geoeffective coronal holes; the center of CH is located between $N40^{\circ}$ and $S40^{\circ}$ and between $E40^{\circ}$ and $W20^{\circ}$, and its area in percentage of solar hemispheric area is larger than the following areas: (1) case 1: 0.36%, (2) case 2: 0.66%, (3) case 3: 0.36% for 1996-2000, and 0.66% for 2001-2003. Then we present contingency tables between prediction and observation for three cases and their dependence on solar cycle phase. From the contingency tables, we determined several statistical parameters for forecast evaluation such as PODy (the probability of detection yes), FAR (the false alarm ratio), Bias (the ratio of "yes" predictions to "yes" observations) and CSI (critical success index). Considering the importance of PODy and CSI, we found that the best criterion is case 3; CH-CIR: PODy=0.77, FAR=0.66, Bias=2.28, CSI=0.30. CH-storm: PODy=0.81, FAR=0.84, Bias=5.00, CSI=0.16. It is also found that the parameters after the solar maximum are much better than those before the solar maximum. Our results show that the forecasting of CIR based on coronal hole information is meaningful but the forecast of goemagnetic storm is challenging.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.140-149
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intake and diet quality of obese women to those of non-obese women, and to investigate the relationship between diet quality and obesity index in females. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, according to their BMI (above $25kg/m^2$), we classified the subjects into the obese group (n = 724) and non-obese control group (n = 2,841). Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), the number of foods (Dietary Variety Score, DVS), and food groups consumed (Dietary Diversity Score, DDS) were analyzed by using the data from the 24-recall method. The average energy intake of both the obese and control group were 1634.94 kcal and 1,707.81 kcal, respectively (p = 0.0199). The obese group consumed significantly lower quantities of calcium per 1,000 kcal compared to the control group (p = 0.0261). With regards to diet quality, calcium NAR in the obese group was significantly lower than that of the control group (p = 0.0158). MAR values for the obese and the control group was 0.79 and 0.80, respectively and revealed no statistical difference. The obese group showed a significantly lower consumption of milk compared to the control group (p = 0.0162). The average DVS of the obese and control group was 28.63 and 30.41, respectively and revealed a statistical significance (p = 0.0003). DDS in the obese group (3.686) was significantly lower than that of the control group (3.769)(p = 0.0253). DVS showed considerable negative relationships with BMI or waist circumference after it was adjusted for potential confounding factors. In conclusion, obese women had lower calcium intake quality, milk consumption, DVS and DDS than those of the control group. In Korean females, food intake variety did adversely affect obesity index. Further studies are needed to confirm this finding.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.340-347
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• 2001

Seasonal variation of the elemental and biochemical composition of the suspended particulate matter (SPM) was investigated in terms of quantity and quality of diets for suspension feeders from July 1999 to August 2000 in two coastal bay systems of Gosung and Kangjin Bays in Korea. No clear patterns in the seasonal variations of SPM concentration were found in these two bay systems. The results indicated that the seasonal variation of SPM could not be considered the variation of food available to suspension-feeders. The simultaneous peaks in chlorophyll a and biochemical components in summer indicated that the quantity of the particulate organic matter primarily depended on phytoplankton productivity. However, no correlation between chlorophyll a and biochemical components [particulate protein (PPr), carbohydrate (PCHO) and lipid] were found, indicating that other processes might also contribute to the particulate organic matter in the period when the phytoplankton biomass was low. High C: Chl a and C:N, and carbohydrate peaks during the autumn to spring period suggested that resuspension of surface sediments was a probable process to supply the particulate organic matter. The food material, represented by summing up the total quantity of three biochemical components, was highest in spring with minor peaks during the period from autumn to the next spring, The food index, calculated as the ratio of food material to total SPM, did not generally exceed $6\%$ with short peaks during the year. Therefore, nutritional quality of SPM in the bays are relatively poor than in other more productive coastal waters in the world. Our results confirm that the measurement of a single chemical variable cannot describe fully the nutritive value of the seston available to suspension-feeders as previously proposed, and the biochemical composition of SPM can provide effective information on its origin and nutritive Quality.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.68-81
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• 2015

In this study, the correlation between the frequency of summer tropical cyclones (TC) affecting areas around Korea over the last 37 years and the western North Pacific monsoon index (WNPMI) was analyzed. A clear positive correlation existed between the two variables, and this high positive correlation remained unchanged even when excluding El Ni$\tilde{n}$o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) years. To investigate the causes of the positive correlation between these two variables, ENSO years were excluded, after which the 8 years with the highest WNPMI (positive WNPMI phase) and the 8 years with the lowest WNPMI (negative WNPMI phase) were selected, and the average difference between the two phases was analyzed. In the positive WNPMI phase, TCs usually occurred in the eastern waters of the tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, and tended to pass the East China Sea on their way north toward Korea and Japan. In the negative WNPMI phase, TCs usually occurred in the western waters of the tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, and tended to pass the South China Sea on their way west toward the southeastern Chinese coast and the Indochina peninsula. Therefore, TC intensity was higher in the positive WNPMI phase, during which TCs are able to gain sufficient energy from the sea while moving a long distance to areas nearby Korea. TCs also tended to occur more often in the positive WNPMI phase. In the difference between the two phases regarding 850 and 500 hPa streamline, anomalous cyclones were reinforced in the tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, while anomalous anticyclones were reinforced in mid-latitude East Asian areas. Due to these two anomalous pressure systems, anomalous southeasterlies developed in areas near Korea, with these anomalous southeasterlies playing the role of anomalous steering flows making the TCs head toward areas near Korea. Also, due to the anomalous cyclones developed in the tropical and subtropical western North Pacific, more TCs could occur in the positive WNPMI phase.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 1999

Background: Nitric oxide, a vasodilator synthesized from L-arginine by vascular endothelial cells, accounts for the biological activity of endothelium derived relaxing factor. Previous studies demonstrated that nitric oxide inhibitor, $N^{\omega}$-Nitro-L-Arginine(NNA) diminished the hyperdynamic splanchnic and systemic circulation in portal hypertensive rats The present study was done to determine the role of nitric oxide in the development of hyperdynamic circulations in the prehepatic portal hypertensive rat model produced by partial portal vein ligation. Methods: The portal hypertensive rats were divided into water ingestion group and NNA ingestion group. After partial portal vein ligation, NNA ingestion group and water ingestion group received NNA 1mg/kg/day and plain water through the mouth for 14 days, respectively. Cardiac output, mean arterial pressure, organ blood flow and porto-systemic shunting were measured by radioisotope labeled microsphere methods. Vascular resistances were calculated by standard equation. Results: There were significant decreases in mean arterial pressure, increases in cardiac output and cardiac index, and decreases in total systemic and splanchnic vascular resistance in portal hypertensive rats compared to normal control group (p<0.01). Compared to the water ingestion group, significantly increased mean arterial pressure with decreased cardiac output and cardiac index were developed in the NNA ingestion group. Total systemic and splanchnic vascular resistance were significantly increased in the NNA ingestion group compared to water ingestion group (p<0.05). But, there was no significant difference in portal pressure between the two groups. Conclusion: The hemodynamic results of this study indicate that hyperdynamic circulation in prehepatic portal hypertensive rat mode1 was attenuated by ingestion of NNA. Nitric oxide may play an important role in the development of hyperdynamic circulation with splanchnic vasodilation in chronic portal hypertension.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.280-289
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• 2011

Analyses were conducted to estimate the effect of backfat thickness (BFT) on carcass grade factors and carcass price in Hanwoo cows and steers. Data on grade factors and prices were collected from 69,159 Hanwoo carcasses (n = 13,376 cows, n = 55,783 steers) abtained at the Nonghyup Seoul slaughter house in 2009. Carcass BFTs were divided into nine categories from ${\leq}$ 3 mm to ${\qeq}$ 25 mm. The average BFTs were 11.93 mm in cows and 12.57 mm in steers. An increase in the BFT resulted in an increase in carcass weight, loin-eye area, skeletal maturity, fat color, but decreases in the yield index and yield grade (from grade A to C) in cows and steers. Carcass unit price (Won/kg) improved if the carcass was sold with a BFT of 13-15 mm in cows and 10-12 mm in steers. Marbling score and quality grade increased significantly to 21 mm BFT but decreased from a BFT of 22 mm in cows and steers. BFT was significantly correlated with yield index (cow, r = $-0.97^{**}$; steer, r = $-0.96^{**}$), marbling score (cow, r = $0.20^{**}$; steer, r = $0.14^{**}$), and carcass price (cow, r = $0.03^{**}$; steer, r = $-0.11^{**}$). These results could be used as a fundamental dataset for further research to increase the productivity of Hanwoo carcasses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.868-875
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• 2017

The aim of the present study was to investigate antioxidant nutrient intake and risk of metabolic syndrome based on stress level in rural Korean women. Subject were participants from the Multi-Rural Communities Cohort Study, which was a part of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. According to scores of the Psychosocial Well-Being Index Short-Form, a total of 10,111 subjects were classified into 'low stress group (n=8,015)' from 0 to 26 points and 'high stress group (n=2,096)' above 27 points. Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and blood chemical analysis. Dietary nutrient consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. High stress group showed lower intake of antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, folate, zinc, and carotene compared to the low stress group. Intake of fruits and vegetable was lower in the high stress group compared to the low stress group. Subjects with high stress showed higher risk of hypertension [odd ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.226 (1.112~1.351)] and hypertriglyceridemia [OR, 95% CI=1.227 (1.110~1.356)] than subjects with low stress. High stress group had a significantly greater odds ratio for metabolic syndrome compared with the low stress group [OR, 95% CI=1.216 (1.101~1.342]). Thus, the present study suggests that high stress might be associated with low intake of antioxidant nutrients and high risk of metabolic syndrome in rural Korean women.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2018

To investigate the changing patterns of sub-alpine forest vegetation due to climate change requires accumulation of contiguous reference data and continuous monitoring. Furthermore, it is crucial to monitor short-term ecological change of lower level vegetation to understand the trend of long-term vegetation change. Therefore, this study carried out a vegetation survey and tree diameter measurement in 36 plots of Mt. Jiri inhabited by Abies koreana species from 2015 to 2017 to examine the short-term dynamics of Abies koreana seedling and the change of vegetation distribution according to altitude. We analyzed the importance value and MIV (mean importance value) of major species by each stratum as well as the importance value and species diversity index of major species and the change of seedling population by altitude. The results showed that Abies koreana had the highest importance value on tree layer, Rhododendron schlippenbachii on shrub layer and Tripterygium regelii on herb layer. MIV was high in the order of Abies koreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Regarding the species composition and species diversity index (H') along the altitudinal gradient, Sasa borealis showed high MI and low H' in the elevation less than 1,500 m, and IV of Tripterygium regelii and H' of herb layer were high in the elevation of 1,700 - 1,800 m. Abies koreana seedling decreased by 22.4% from 1,250 n/ha in 2015 to 970 n/ha in 2017 (p <0.05) throughout the investigated area. The decline rate along seedling and sapling height were 22.9% in less than 10 cm, 3.4% in 10-30 cm, 8.9% in 30-50 cm, 39.3% in 50-100 cm, and 55.1% more than 100 cm. Few of A. koreana seedlings appeared due to the dominance of Sasa borealis in the elevation of 1,500 m or less and due to the dominance and high species diversity of Tripterygium regelii in the elevation of 1,700-1,800 m. On the other hand, many of A. koreana seedlings appeared in the elevation of 1,600-1,700 m due to no distribution of S. borealis and T. regelii species in that altitude range. Therefore, we concluded that those seedlings and saplings of A. koreana could be more stable in the altitude of 1,600-1,700 m.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1329-1336
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• 1996

From January, 1994 to January. 1996, mitral valve replacement was performed in 27 patients. Among these, 17 patients underwent mitral valve replacement(MVR) with preservation of the annulo-papillary continuity(PAPCMVR) (-Group I), and 10 patients underwent conventional methods of excision of all the chordae(Group II). The operative technique for PAPCM VR consists of the division of the anterior leaflet into anterior and posterior segments, shifting and reattachment of the divided segments to the mitral ring of the respective commissural areas. This retrospective study has been designed to evalute the postoperative left ventricular function in the two groups. In the group 1, LVEF(Left Vnetricular Ejection Fraction : %) was 52 $\pm$ 3 preoperatively And 50$\pm$3 postoperatively, LVESI Vent icular End Systolic Volume Index/mL/m2) wIns 59 :6 and 51 $\pm$ 7, LVEDI Ventricular End Diastolic Volume Index/mL/m2) was 124$\pm$ 11 and 91 :8. In the group II, LVEF was 56$\pm$1 and 47:), LVESVI 62$\pm$12 and 61$\pm$15, LVEDVI 133$\pm$27 and 104$\pm$17. : the variation of the LVEF in these two group was statistically different(p(0.05). A comparison of left ventricular function data between Group I(n: 17) and Group II(n: 10) revealed better results in echocardiographic LVEF(p<0.05), LVEDVI(p<0.01) in the former group. The mean functional class(UYHA) was 2.6 preoperative and improved to 1.0 postoperatively In group 1, and 2.8 and to 1.0 in group II. We conclude that maintenance of continuity between the mitral annulus and papillary muscles is expected to have a beneficial effect on postoperative left ventricular performance.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.34 no.6_1
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• pp.1041-1053
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• 2018

In this study, a real-time storage level and capacity monitoring and forecasting system for Yongdam Dam watershed was developed using high resolution satellite image. The drought indices such as Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) from satellite data were used for storage level monitoring in case of drought. Moreover, to predict storage volume we used a statistical method based on Principle Component Analysis (PCA) of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). According to this study, correlation coefficient between storage level and SPI (3) was highly calculated with CC=0.78, and the monitoring and predictability of storage level was diagnosed using the drought index calculated from satellite data. As a result of analysis of principal component analysis by SSA, correlation between SPI (3) and each Reconstructed Components (RCs) data were highly correlated with CC=0.87 to 0.99. And also, the correlations of RC data with Normalized Water Surface Level (N-W.S.L.) were confirmed that has highly correlated with CC=0.83 to 0.97. In terms of high resolution satellite image we developed a water detection algorithm by applying an exponential method to monitor the change of storage level by using Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) sensor of Sentinel-2 satellite. The materials of satellite image for water surface area detection in Yongdam dam watershed was considered from 2016 to 2018, respectively. Based on this, we proposed the possibility of real-time drought monitoring system using high resolution water surface area detection by Sentinel-2 satellite image. The results of this study can be applied to estimate of the reservoir volume calculated from various satellite observations, which can be used for monitoring and estimating hydrological droughts in an unmeasured area.