• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2011

Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder(PTSD) has devastating effects on multiple aspects of the quality of life(QoL). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to compare the QoL between PTSD group and non-PTSD group, and identify the variables affecting the QoL of the Vietnam War veterans. Methods: We recruited 39 veterans with PTSD and 43 veterans without PTSD, all of whom had deployed to the Vietnam War. We used the Korean version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus, the Korean version of Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Combat Exposure Scale and the Korean version of World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument abbreviated version. We used independent samples t-test to identify the differences between PTSD and non-PTSD group in each domains of the quality of life. We also used stepwise multiple linear regression analysis to figure out the variables affecting the QoL of the Vietnam War veterans. Results: In the PTSD group, all domains of the QoL and the QoL total score(p<0.01) were significantly lower than those in the non-PTSD group. In the Vietnam War veterans, PTSD, major depressive disorder and education levels were the variables affecting the QoL. Among these, PTSD uniquely explained the QoL of the overall and general health(${\beta}$=-1.411, $R^2$=0.180), the physical health domain(${\beta}$=-2.806, $R^2$=0.089) and the total score (${\beta}$=-11.479, $R^2$=0.104). Conclusions: These results suggest that among the Vietnam War veterans, the QoL of the PTSD group is significantly lower than that of the non-PTSD group. Among the combat exposed veterans, PTSD may be one of the main reasons that affect the multiple domains of the QoL.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.35-45
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• 2009

This survey study was conducted on dental technician school students in April 2008 to investigate the effects of smoking on oral health. 110 male and 39 female students were surveyed and cross analysis was performed to examine the relationship between oral health status and smoking-related and oral health maintenance characteristics of smoking and non-smoking group. T-test and one-way ANAVA was used to analyze the average difference verification of two independent samples(smoking group and non-smoking group) and followings are the results. In general characteristics, 74 male students(74.7%) and 25 female(25.3%) students smoked and the percentage of male students were higher in smoking group. Regarding class grade, 2nd-year students(37 students, 37.4%) and 1st-year students(18 students, 36.0%) took the highest percentage of smoking and non-smoking group, respectively. Concerning the experience of drinking, smoking group consumed more alcoholic beverages(94 students, 94.9%) With respect to the frequency of between-meal consumption, respondents who eat between-meal once or twice smoked more. Respecting preferences of sweet food, respondents who enjoyed sweet food smoked more. Concerning smoking characteristics, many of smoking group had been smoked fo a long time(two to five years) and it was worrisome. About the amounts of smoking, 50 respondents(52.6%) of smoking group smoked 20 cigarettes a day with the highest proportion. With regard to the awareness of harmfulness, 70 respondents(70.7%) considered smoking as very harmful and showed that smoking group were aware of its harmfulness but it was habitualized. Respecting smokers in family members, father was more common as smokers(58 respondents, 58.6%) in family and showed that the influence of father. Main reasons of poor periodontal health were alchoholic consumption, smoking, and oral parafunctional habit(57 respondents, 56.7%) in smoking group and neglect of oral hygiene(21 respondents, 42.0%) in non-smoking group. With regard to the scaling, 80 respondents of smoking group(80.8%) didn't received scaling and showed that more oral health education was required. Regarding the periodontal status, non-smoking group was $1.26{\pm}0.44$, respondents who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, respondents who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, respondents who brush more than three times a day was $1.38{\pm}0.49$ and had better periodontal health. Bleeding during tooth brushing was more frequent in smoking group ($1.51{\pm}0.70$). Regarding mouth order, non-smoking group was $2.34{\pm}0.62$, after scaling was $2.02{\pm}0.76$, patients who regularly floss was $1.50{\pm}0.52$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.81{\pm}0.87$. Concerning the experience of dental caries treatment, smoking group was $1.20{\pm}0.40$, patients who do not floss was $1.30{\pm}0.46$, patients who brush once a day was $1.29{\pm}0.45$. With regard to dental prosthesis, non-smoking group was $3.78{\pm}1.62$, patients who received scaling was $1.43{\pm}0.50$, patients who regularly floss was $1.40{\pm}0.51$, patients who brush more than three times a day was $1.24{\pm}0.43$. From these results, oral health education and smoking has correlation and more oral health education needs to be carried out to educate students with non-health related majors about harmfulness of smoking on oral health. Also more study are required.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.61-70
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) of residential home dwelling elderly and home for the aged dwelling elderly. In attempt to address medical professional caring the elderly, this comparative study examines the factors associated with dependence in the ADL and IADL in two samples of elderly people living in two different environments. Methods: The instrument of ADL and IADL widely used Katz ADL and IADL. Katz ADL and IADL was not a perfect fit for Korean. In concern with cultural factors Won developed K(Korean)-ADL and K-IADL scale reflecting Korean's own language expression and cultural factors in year of 2002. The assessment tool of this study was K-ADL and K-IADL. Differences of ADL and IADL were tested for statistical significance using group t-test and x2 test for comparisons between the residential home dwelling elderly and the home for the aged dwelling elderly. Results: Comparison of assessment for K-ADL and K-IADL in two different dwelling types was significant. Performance of ADL and IADL depend upon their living environment such as social status, number of children, income, present illness as well as age group. This study also showed significant differences of performance in some activities of ADL and IADL between the elderly who live in their own home and live in home for the aged. Comparison of performance of ADL and IADL in different dwelling types revealed that only one item of ADL was significant but only one item of IADL was not significant. It means that IADL is more difficult activities in the home for the aged dwelling elderly than the residential home dwelling elderly. The coupled elderly has more independent in some ADL and IADL activities compared with the single elderly. Conclusion: Using K-ADL and K-IADL is more convenient for Korean elderly. Medical professional consider some factors like dwelling style, social status, existing diseases and disabilities in order to care the elderly and train him/her activities of daily living as well as instrumental activities of daily living. Medical professional, especially physical and occupational therapist emphasize the training items which are bathing of ADL and grooming, housework, preparing meals, laundry, traveling, public transportation, shopping, using telephone and taking medicine of IADL based on the result of this study.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.115-125
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the Dentocult SM and LB scores of students and their DMF rate. The subjects in this study were 134 special school students in south Gyeong-sang province. After they were tested to find out their, they received tooth brushing education and preventive treatment. The test, education and treatment were all conducted from March 17 to April 9, 2008. Their oral state was checked and recorded by using a mirror and explorer, and then the data on oral state were analyzed to their DMFT, DT, FT and MT rates. All the collected data were analyzed with SPSS 15.0 for Windows program, and independent-samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and crosstabs analysis were implemented to see what differences their disability type, gender, Dentocult-SM scores and Dentocult-LB scores made. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. As for connections between disability type and DMFT rate, the students with mental retardation were similar to the other students in that regard. The mentally retarded students had higher DT and FT rates than the other students, and the MT rate of the latter was higher than that of the former. 2. Concerning the relationship of gender to DMFT and DT rates, the girls had larger DMFT and DT rates than the boys, and the FT and MT rates of the boys were higher than those of the girls. 3. As to links between Dentocult SM scores on the tongue and DMFT, the students whose bacteria was mildly activated had the highest DMFT rate, and the students who had a severely activated bacteria had the highest DT and FT rates. Those who had a moderately activated bacteria had the highest MT rate. 4.Regarding the connection of Dentocult SM scores on maxillyright molar to DMFT and DT rates, the students whose bacteria was severely activated had the highest DMFT and DT rates. Those who had no activated bacteria had the largest FT rate, and the students who had a mildly activated bacteria had the highest MT rate. 5.Regarding the connection of Dentocult SM scores on maxillyleft molar to DMFT and DT rates, the students whose bacteria was severely activated had the highest DMFT and DT rates. Those who had no activated bacteria had the largest FT rate, and the students who had a mildly activated bacteria had the largest MT rate. 6. Regarding the connection of Dentocult SM scores on mandibularright molar to DMFT and DT, FT rates, the students whose bacteria was severely activated had the highest DMFT and DT, FT rates. Those who had a moderately activated bacteria had the highest MT rate. 7. Regarding the connection of Dentocult SM scores on mandibularleft molar to DMFT and DT rates, the students whose bacteria was mildly activated had the highest DMFT and DT rates. Those who had no activated bacteria had the largest FT rate, and the students who had a moderately activated bacteria had the highest MT rate. 8. Regarding the connection of Dentocult LB scores to DMFT and DT rates, the students whose bacteria was severely activated had the highest DMFT and DT rates. Those who had no activated bacteria had a moderately FT rate, the students who had a mildly activated bacteria had a mildly MT rate.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.643-652
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the size and morphologic characteristics of maxillary primary first molars in Korean children using three-dimensional laser scanner and compare three-dimensional image with preformed stainless steel crown. Scanned three-dimensional images of dental cast taken from 132 children(male 62, female 70) by three-dimensional laser scanner(Breuckmann opto-Top HE100, INUS, Korea) were used. Mesiodistal diameter, buccolingual diameter, occlusogingival height and crown shape of each image were calculated by Rapidform 2004 program(INUS, Korea). The values were statistically compared by independent samples t-test with 95% of significant level. The results were as follows : 1. No significant difference in crown size was found between left and right maxillay primary first molar(p>0.05). 2, Significant difference in mesiodistal diameter, buccolingual diameter, buccal occlusogingival height was found between male and female (p<0.05), and crown size of male was bigger than that of female. 3. Average image of maxillay primary first molar was shaped three-dimensionally and measured. In comparison with 3M stainless steel crown, this image was similar with No.4 or No.5 SS crown in male, No.4 in female. In comparison with ILSUNG SS crown, this image was similar with No.5 in male, No.4 in female. 4 Mesiolingual line angle area, distolingual line angle area and buccogingival ridge were more obvious in average image than 3M stainless steel crown. ILSUNG SS crown was more square and had longer mesiodistal diameter than average 3D image.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.33-59
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• 2008

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is not significant, also H22 has to be rejected. Experience influences information (H19 accepted) but the latter does not affect significantly the evoked set (H1 rejected). Both H4 as well as H5, referring respectively to the perceived images of German agri-tourism as a wellness destination and the traditional image of the German farm tourism have to be rejected. Finally, none of the demographic data included in the model explains significantly the variance of the factor evoked set. Therefore neither H16 nor H17 has been accepted. As far as the interrelation between sport and nature (H18) and family and action (H20) are concerned, the stated relationship among these variables has been statistically confirmed. Our path model based on partial least squares shows the factors influencing the preference for farm tourism in Germany. Among others value for money and experience are the most significant ones. Practical implications are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.137-168
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• 2019

This study measures and analyzes the university library user's sense of community, service quality assessment, user satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, the effect of the university library user's sense of community on university library user satisfaction and loyalty mediated by the assessment of the quality of service is investigated. On the basis of study result, to improve user satisfaction and user loyalty, the direction and implications of library development are presented. In order to achieve the purpose of the study, precedent research and literature were investigated, and the study model and hypothesis were established based on theoretical background. In order to verify the hypothesis, a total of 300 questionnaires were distributed to subject who had experience using the Central Library among undergraduate students at the C National University, and the final 282 sample was used for analysis. To analyze the differences depending on the general characteristics of the samples, It is the result of an independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. The results of the mediated effects analysis using the PROCESS macro-programs models 4 and 6 of Hayes for hypothesis testing are as follows. First, The university library user's sense of community (Service Benefits Perception and Satisfaction, Mutual sense of influence) effect the user satisfaction of university library mediated by service quality assessment at statistical significance. This showed that the higher the university library user's sense of community, the higher the service quality assessment, and the higher the user satisfaction level of university library. Second, The university library user's sense of community (Service Benefits Perception and Satisfaction, Mutual sense of influence) effect the user loyalty of university library mediated by service quality assessment and user satisfaction. This showed that the higher the university library user's sense of community, the higher the service quality assessment, the higher user satisfaction level of university library and the higher the user loyalty level of university library. The results of this study showed that the university library user's sense of community has a direct and indirect effect on enhancing user satisfaction and loyalty through the service quality assessment.