• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1562-1568
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• 2016

Monochromatic green light-emitting diodes (LED) light stimuli influences the posthatch growth performance of chicks. This study was undertaken with the following objectives: i) to examine whether the green LED light stimuli induces an overheating effect by determining weight loss rate of fertile eggs during incubation period; ii) to look for the development of eyes and other primary organs at different ages of embryos and newly hatched chicks. Arbor Acres fertile broiler eggs (n = 480) were randomly assigned to 3 incubation groups and exposed to continuous white light, green light, or a dark environment (control) from the first day to 19 d of incubation. The light sourced from LED lamps with the intensity of 30 lx at eggshell level. The results showed that either green or white light stimuli during incubation did not significantly affect the weight loss rate of fertile eggs, hatching time, hatchability, chick embryo, or body weight (BW), the weight percentage of heart, liver, and eyes, as well as obvious systematic abnormalities in eye weight, side-to-side, back-to-front, or corneal diameter from 15 d of embryogenesis to 6 d of posthatch (p>0.05). Compared with the dark condition, green light stimuli during incubation tended to increase feed intake (p = 0.080), improved the BW gain of chicks during 0 to 6 day posthatch (p<0.05), and increased the percentage of pectoral muscle to the BW on 3- and 6-day-old chicks. In addition, embryos or chicks in green light had lower weight percentage of yolk retention on 19 d of embryogenesis and 1 d of posthatch in comparison to those in dark or white group (p<0.05). These results suggest that providing 30 lx green LED light stimuli during incubation has no detrimental effect on the development of eyes, heart and liver of embryos and hatchlings, but does have potential benefits in terms of enhancement of the chick growth during the early posthatch stages. In addition, the fertile broiler eggs stimulated with 30 lx green LED light during incubation does not cause an overheating effect.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 1996

The effects of media, incubation time, temperature and pH on production of conidia and chlamydospore of Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zinssm.) Scholen causing root rot of Panax ginseng were studied. Microconidia of the pathogen were abundantly produced on V-8 juice agar as a solid substrate with 5.73(log conidia/mm2) and in V-8 broth as a liquid substrate with 6.65 (log conidia/ml) among media tested. No difference was observed on the length of microconidia produced from the media with a range of 9.50∼11.38 $\mu\textrm{m}$. However, tryptic soy agar produced the broadest microconidia (average 5.00 $\mu\textrm{m}$) among the media tested. All the media produced chlamydospores In a range of 1.06∼4.37 (log chlamydospores/mm2) without a significant difference in number, while V-8 juice agar produced the bigger one (18.39 $\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter) as compared to the tested media. The fungus began to sporulate conidia after three days of incubation and reached maximum at the 8th day. It seemed to be in a stationary phase until 30 days of incubation but was decreased thereafter. Chlamydospore was produced at 4th day after incubation. Maximum production was observed at 8th day and the number seemed to be maintained during the observation period. Both conidia and chlamydospore of the pathogen were able to be spoluated at 10∼25$^{\circ}C$. However, optimum temperatures of conidia and chlamydospore formation were 15∼25$^{\circ}C$ and 10∼20$^{\circ}C$, respectively. C. destrmtans produced conida with an wide range of pH from 3.3 to 8.0 and chlamydospore from 2.8 to 8.0. Number of conidia was increased with an increase of pH up to 4.0. There was no significant difference in the number between 4.0 to 8.0. It seemed to have two optimum pH ranges, 3.3∼4.0 and 7.1∼8.0 for the chlamydospore formation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine effects of whole (intact), coarsely-ground (4 mm), finely-ground (1 mm), steam-flaked and steam-flaked-ground (1 mm) corns on in vitro and in situ DM digestibilities and also in vitro fermentation characteristics. After 48 h incubation, in vitro dry matter digestibilities of whole, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground, steam-flaked-ground, and finely-ground corns were 6.79, 61.68, 76.48, 85.72 and 90.31%, respectively. Steam-flaked-ground corn showed the highest digestibility until 24 h incubation (p<0.01). After 48 h incubation, pH of whole corn decreased with a small range. However the values of pH of other media significantly decreased (p<0.01). The gas productions of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns were higher than those of the other corns (p<0.01). After 24 h incubation, $NH_3$-N concentration of finely-ground and steam-flaked-ground corns increased rapidly. Total VFA was the highest in finely-ground corn, followed by steam-flaked-ground, steam-flaked, coarsely-ground and whole corns. Incorporating steam-flaked corn resulted in the highest propionate concentration (p<0.01) and the lowest acetate : propionate value (p<0.05). Finely-ground corn showed the highest in situ DM digestibility throughout the incubation period (p<0.01), followed by coarsely-ground, steam-flaked and whole corns, respectively. Overall, DM of whole corn was merely digested in vitro as well as in situ.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1999

The incubation study was conducted under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to study the release of the kinetically labile forms (i. e. chelating ion or anion forms) of Cd, Cu and Zn in sludge-untreated soil ("Control"), sludge 50 and $100dry\;Mg\;ha^{-1}$ treated soils ("Soil-Sludge mixtures"), and sewage sludge ("Sludge"). The chelating ion and anion exchange membranes were embedded into the samples and incubated for 16 weeks under aerobic and anaerobic condition. The total amounts of chelating ion or anionic forms of Cd were too little to be measured during both aerobic and anaerobic incubation. On the other hand, the total amounts of chelating ion or anionic forms of Cu and Zn slightly increased throughout the incubation period under both incubation conditions. For "Control" and "Soil-Sludge mixtures" treatments, the total amounts of Cu and Zn in chelating ion and anion exchange membrane were little difference between aerobic and anaerobic condition, and the total amounts of chelating ion form of Cu and Zn were not different from the those of anionic form of Cu and Zn. However, for "Sludge" treatment, the total amounts of Cu and Zn in anion and chelating ion exchange membrane were greater under aerobic condition than under anaerobic condition, and the total amounts of chelating ion form of Cu and Zn were greater than those of anion form of Cu and Zn under both incubation conditions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.559-564
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• 2011

Soil microbial functions are considered to be effective in assessing the severity of heavy metal pollution. Therefore, this study was carried out to examine the effect of heavy metals on nitrogen mineralization by measuring the releasing pattern of inorganic nitrogen ($NH_4^+$-N and $NO_3^-$-N) in a soil treated with heavy metals. A factorial combination of two heavy metals (Zn and Cd) treated with three concentrations (50, 100 and $150{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ soils) was used in a laboratory incubation. Nitrogen mineralization was determined at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56 days after the treatments replicated four times. Soil sample free from heavy metals was served as the control. The amount of nitrogen mineralization from heavy metal treated soils was found to be decreased at an increasing rate during the first 21 days of incubation. However, as the incubation progressed, nitrogen mineralization was found to be decreased at decreasing rates. Furthermore, during this period, nitrogen mineralization in Cd treated soils was significantly lower ($P{\leq}0.05$) than that of the control. Soils treated with Cd at the concentration of $150{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$ showed the lowest N mineralization throughout the incubation. Nitrogen mineralization in Zn treated soils ($50{\mu}mol\;g^{-1}$) was found to be higher than the other heavy metal treated soils. On the base of present findings, nitrogen mineralization of soil could be considered as a viable assessment of the degree of heavy metal pollution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2011

Some thermally processed foods have higher biological activities due to their various chemical changes during heat treatment. Especially, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is derived from dehydration of sugars and has been identified in processed garlic. The biological function of HMF have revealed as antisickling agent and thyrosinase inhibitor. This study was carried out to examine the formation of HMF and free sugars from the aged garlics when it is treated at 60 and $75^{\circ}C$ and different incubation periods from 7 to 35 days. HMF and free sugars from the hot-water extracts of aged garlics were analyzed with GC/MS, LC/MS, and HPLC. The amount of HMF was higher than at $75^{\circ}C$ and increasing incubation period. Among free sugars, the only fructose except glucose and sucrose was formed and converted to HMF at high temperature and long incubation period. However, fructose formed in low temperature during making of aged garlic was rarely converted to HMF. This result indicates that formation of HMF can be dependent on the temperature and incubation period for making aged garlic.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.461-467
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• 2005

Background. 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester mixed (CFSE) is the fluorescent labelling agent of living cells and used to trace the cells in vivo after transplatnation of various cells. The CFSE labelled cells can maintain fluorescence for up to 7 days after labelling. The MC3T3-E1 cell line (MC3T3) has been used for many studies about osteoblast, which is well known as a mouse preosteoblast. So the CFSE would be used to trace the transplanted MC3T3. However there are few reports about CFSE labelling of MC3T3. This study is aimed to know about adequate concenturation and incubation time of CFSE to MC3T3. Materials and methods. The MC3T3 was incubated in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air with 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ using ${\alpha}$-minimal essential medium (${alpha}$-MEM) containing10% FBS and gentamycin. Ten mM CFSE solution in dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO: 1%) was diluted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and final concentration of culture medium was, respectively, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ${{\mu}M$. Then the MC3T3 was incubated with CFSE in a humidified atmosphere of 95% air with 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 minutes in each concentration. The fluorescence of CFSE labelled cells was analysed with a inverted fluorescence microscope. The duration of cell labelling was also studied. Trypan blue dye exclusion test was done for cell viability. Results. For concentration between 5 and 10 ${\mu}M$, CFSE did not significantly label the MC3T3 in vitro. The destruction of MC3T3 was observed at the concentration of 20 ${\mu}M$. In the concentration of 15 ${\mu}M$, the best labelling was obtained at an incubation period between 15 and 30 minutes. The MC3T3 labelled with an incubation period of 15 minutes at 15 ${\mu}M$ was still fluorescent 7 days after CFSE labelling. The mean cell viability was 95.93%. Conclusion. These results suggests an incubation period of 15 minutes at 15 ${\mu}M$ of CFSE provides best labelling of MC3T3 in vitro.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.12 no.2 s.25
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• pp.81-87
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• 2006

Algal growth potential(AGP) assay using Heterosigma akashiwo was conducted in Pukman Bay. The effects of nutrients and microorganisms on the growth of H. akashiwo were specifically evaluated by the algal bioassay method. The different types of growth response of H. akashiwo to the addition of nutrients, and the co-incubation with microorganisms were clearly observed. Before H. akashiwo red tide occurrence, the growth of H. akashiwo was significantly stimulated by addition of nitrate of $50{\mu}M$ with phosphate of $5{\mu}M$. The addition of single phosphate had no clear effect on the growth of H. akashiwo. And the co-incubation with microorganisms had no clear effect on the growth of H. akashiwo. This result indicates that nitrate potentially limited the growth of H. akashiwo before red tide occurrence. However, during a bloom of H. akashiwo, the growth was significantly stimulated by addition of either nitrate of $50{\mu}M$ or phosphate of $5{\mu}M$. The addition of trace metals and vitamin $B_{12}$ had no clear effect on the growth of H. akashiwo in the period. This result indicates that both nitrate and phosphate potentially limited the growth of H. akashiwo during the bloom. On the other hand, during the termination period of H. akashiwo bloom, the growth of H. akashiwo was slightly stimulated by addition of phosphate and nitrate. But the growth of H. akashiwo was significantly enervated by the co-incubation with microorganisms. This result indicates that microorganisms potentially limited the growth of H. akashiwo in the period of bloom termination.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.295-302
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• 2021

The effect of punching treatment on bags containing sawdust medium for the stable production of fruiting bodies of Lentinula edodes 'Hwadam' was investigated. After spawn inoculation, the sawdust medium temperature and CO₂ concentration reached 27.0-28.8℃ on the 23^rd day of incubation, and 14.0-15.6% on the 16^th day of incubation, respectively, decreasing thereafter. The O₂ concentration showed an opposite pattern to the CO₂ concentration. As the number of punching treatments on the medium increased during the incubation period, the lightness value decreased, and conversely, the color difference and weight loss rate increased. There was no difference in the cultivation period according to the punching treatment. As the punching treatment increased on the sawdust medium, the fruiting body yield increased; a three-time punching treatment produced the best yield with 605.7 g. Thus, proper punching treatment on a sawdust medium during the incubation period can increase the number of fruiting bodies and yield.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1435-1439
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• 2005

Bacterio-mineral water (BMW) produced from manure has been known to exert a number of positive effects on animal production and odor control. An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of BMW produced from bio-reacted swine manure on in vitro gas production, cellulose degradation, microbial growth and fibrolytic enzyme activities of mixed rumen microorganisms. The five levels of 0, 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 and 1.0% BMW were supplemented into serum vials containing mixed rumen microorganisms. Incubations were carried out anaerobically at $39^{\circ}C$ without shaking for 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. There were no significant (p>0.05) differences among the treatments for the initial rate of gas production. At 72 h incubation, the gas production tended (p<0.1) to be increased by the 0.01 and 1.0% BMW treatments compared with control and the 0.001% BMW treatment. At the end of incubation (96 h), the sample supplemented with 0.01% BMW was higher (p<0.05) than control (0% BMW) in the gas production. The microbial growth rate was increased by all the BMW treatments, while 0.01% BMW was most effective in stimulating the growth rate. Although the addition of BMW on the filter paper DM degradation was not significantly influenced throughout the incubation period except the 48 h incubation, DM degradation tended to be increased by all BMW treatments compared with control. The addition of both 0.005 and 0.01% BMW highly increased (p<0.05) CMCase activity compared with control after 24 h and 48 h incubation, while at the 72 h incubation the 0.01% BMW addition only significantly increased (p<0.05). After 72 h incubation, the xylanase activity was significantly (p<0.05) increased with the addition of 1.0% BMW compared with the addition of 0.001 and 0.005% BMW, while at the other incubation times, the xylanase activity was not different among the treatments. In conclusion, the 0.01% BMW of supplementation level would be the suitable addition level to stimulate rumen fermentation increasing microbial growth and cellulose degradation.