• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2008

Six total mixed rations (TMR) containing 0, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12% tannin (TMR I-VI), using Accacia nilotica pods as a source of tannin, were used to study the effect of Acacia tannin on in vitro nutrient digestibility and gas production in goats. This study also investigated the degraded products of Acacia nilotica tannin in goat rumen liquor. Degraded products of tannins were identified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different hours of incubation. In vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDMD) and organic matter (IVOMD) were similar in TMR II, and I, but declined (p<0.05) thereafter to a stable pattern until the concentration of tannin was raised to 10%. In vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) decreased (p<0.05) with increased levels of tannins in the total mixed rations. Crude protein digestibility was much more affected than digestibility of dry matter and organic matter. In vitro gas production (IVGP) was also reduced (p<0.05) with increased levels of tannins in the TMR during the first 24 h of incubation and tended to increase (p>0.05) during 24-48 h of incubation. Gallic acid, phloroglucinol, resorcinol and catechin were identified at different hours of incubation. Phloroglucinol and catechin were the major end products of tannin degradation while gallate and resorcinol were produced in traces. It is inferred that in vitro nutrient digestibility was reduced by metabolites of Acacia nilotica tannins and ruminal microbes of goat were capable of withstanding up to 4% tannin of Acacia nilotica pods in the TMR without affecting in vitro nutrient digestibility.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.20-26
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• 2021

Lactase (β-galactosidase) is abundant in the small intestine during early childhood and gradually decreases with age. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) present in yogurt could survive in the stomach, and lactase produced by these LAB can aid in lactose breakdown in the small intestine, thereby reducing lactose intolerance. This study aims to provide preliminary data for development of lactose-free yogurts for the elderly, and investigate the effect of lactose-hydrolyzed milk on the growth of starter cultures. The pH during yogurt fermentation using lactose-free milk was slightly higher at 2 and 4 h of incubation, but reached 4.5 at the end of incubation, similar to that of the yogurt prepared from regular milk. The number of viable cells of Streptococcus thermophilus reached 108 CFU/mL after 2 h of incubation and increased to 109 CFU/mL after 4 h of incubation. During yogurt fermentation, the viable cells of Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium longum did not affect lactose hydrolysis. Although lactose-hydrolyzed milk did not promote the growth of starter cultures, manufacturing yogurt with lactose-free milk could be beneficial for the intestinal health of lactose-sensitive elderly.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.288-293
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• 2001

콩물의 ${\alpha}-amylase$ 활성은 콩물 농도에 따른 유의적인 차이가 없었으나, ${\beta}-amylase$와 glucoamylase의 활성은 7% 콩물보다 14% 콩물의 활성이 유의적으로 높았으며, 각각의 효소는 온도 변화 및 기질에 따른 차이를 나타내었고, 생전분보다 호화전분 기질에 대한 활성이 높게 나타났다. 유과 반죽의 pH는 콩물 농도 증가에 따라 증가하였고 incubation 시간 증가에 따라서 감소하였으며, 점도는 콩물 농도가 증가할수록 incubation 시간이 길어질수록 감소하였다. 반죽의 환원당 함량은 생반죽, 호화 반죽 모두 콩물 농도가 증가할수록, incubation 시간이 길어질수록 높게 나타났으며, 특히 호화 반죽에서는 0% 콩물 첨가군보다 7%, 14% 콩물 첨가군의 환원당 함량이 $3{\sim}4$배 이상 높게 나타났다. 반죽의 ${\alpha},{\beta}-amylase$, glucoamylase 역시 콩물 농도가 증가할수록 활성이 증가하였고 생전분보다 호화전분에 대한 활성이 매우 높게 나타났다. 유과 반죽을 동결 건조시켜 미세구조를 관찰한 결과 콩물 무첨가군에 비해 콩물 첨가군에서 incubation 시간이 증가함에 따라 입자의 크기가 작아지고, 입자 표면에 구멍이 관찰되어 콩물 첨가시 전분 분해 효소 작용이 일어났음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2001

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of sources and the addition levels of carbohydrates on fermentation characteristics, bacterial growth, and hydrogenation of linoleic acid ($C_{18:2}$) by mixed ruminal bacteria. Starch and cellobiose were added to the 200 ml non-selective basal media at the levels of 0.20 and 0.35% (w/v), respectively. Linoleic acid (66.8~79.6 mg) in the absorbed form into the pieces of nylon cloth was also added to the media of 5 treatments including control which was not added with carbohydrate. Three mls of rumen fluid strained through 12 layers of cheese cloth were added to each medium, and were incubated anaerobically in the shaking incubator of $39^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. During 24 h incubation the pH in incubation media of all treatments was maintained above 6.6 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate. The pH and ammonia concentration of incubation media were not clearly influenced by the sources and addition levels of carbohydrates while additions of carbohydrates increased (p<0.0001) VFA concentration at the 24 h incubation. Molar proportions of acetate were reduced (p<0.0004) while those of propionate were increased (p<0.0006) by the addition of carbohydrates. But the differences in concentration and molar proportions of the VFA were small between the sources or the addition levels. Bacterial growth was faster (p<0.0004) in the starch added treatments than in the cellobiose added ones and control, but no differences were found between addition levels. Increased (p<0.0487) hydrogenation was observed from the starch added treatments compared to the cellobiose added ones, but there was no difference between addition levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.354-357
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• 2005

The in vitro degradability of yeast and the effect of yeast on the in vitro degradability of forage may differ in terms of the specific yeast strains or their incubation conditions. Thus in experiment 1, two strains of sake yeast (strainK7 and strainK9) and one strain of bakers' yeast (KY5649) were incubated in an aerobic condition. In experiment 2, aerobically or anaero bically incubated K7 was used for investigating the in vitro degradability of yeast, the effect of yeast on the in vitro degradability of forage, and the degradability of yeast by pepsin and pronase treatment. The in vitrodegradability of bakers' yeast was significantly (p<0.05) higher than those of sake yeasts. The in vitro degradability of anaerobically incubated yeast was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of aerobically incubated yeast. The degradability of bakers' yeast by pepsin treatment was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of the sake yeasts. The degradability of bakers' yeast by pronase treatment was slightly higher than that of the two sake yeasts, while the degradability of anaerobically incubated yeast by both enzymes, respectively, was significantly (p<0.01) higher than that of aerobically incubated yeast. The degradability of forages was increased significantly (p<0.05) by the addition of yeasts. The degradability of roughage by sake yeast tended to be higher than that by the bakers' yeast. The degradability of roughage was significantly (p<0.05) higher by anaerobically incubated yeast than by aerobically incubated yeast. Given the above results, it seems that in vitro degradability of yeast and the magnitude of the increment of roughage degradation differ among the yeast strains and their incubation conditions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.687-694
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• 2002

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effect of addition level of concentrate on fermentation characteristics and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids composition, especially conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-octadecenoic acid (t-FA) by mixed ruminal bacteria when incubated with linseed or rapeseed. Four levels (0.83, 1.25, 1.67 and 2.08%, w/v) of concentrate and ground oilseeds (linseed or rapeseed; 0.83%, w/v) were added to mixed solution of strained rumen fluid with artificial saliva (1:1, v/v) in the glass jar with a glass lid equipped with stirrer, and was incubated anaerobically for 24 h at $39^{\circ}C$. Addition level of concentrate slightly reflect on pH and ammonia concentration of the culture solution at the various incubation times when incubated with both linseed and rapeseed. Total VFA concentration slightly increased with incubation times and concentrate levels for incubations with oilseeds. While CLA composition had a clearly increasing trend with incubation time when incubated with linseed, percent CLA was relatively stable when incubated with rapeseed. Percent CLA, however, had a clearly decreasing trend with concentrate level throughout incubation times with significances at 3 h incubations when incubated with linseed (p<0.038) and rapeseed (p<0.0009). The differences in compositions of t-FA were relatively small among concentrate levels for both incubations with linseed and rapeseed. The ratios of t-FA to CLA were lower for linseed with increased proportion of CLA than for rapeseed.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 2006

Effect of organic-C on immobilization and nitrification patterns in acidic soil was examined during 20 weeks incubation period to verify if organic amendments such as composted material can increase soil retention of N by stimulating microbial immobilization of $NH_4^+$. Four treatments were laid out: control without fertilizer N and glucose (treatment code: S), ammonium sulfate (SN), ammonium sulfate with single glucose at the commencement (0 week) of incubation (SNG), and ammonium sulfate with double glucose at 0 and 4 weeks of incubation (SNGG). Glucose application (SNG) significantly increased microbial immobilization of $NH_4^+$ within 1 week of incubation over SN. Immobilization was followed by remineralization thereafter; however, second-application of glucose (SNGG) restored $NH_4^+$ immobilization. At the same time, nitrification was significantly inhibited by glucose application as indicated by consistently low $NO_3^-$ concentration in SNG and SNGG soils, suggesting that microbial assimilation of $NH_4^+$ is predominant compared to nitrification when available C-source is abundant. These results suggest application of chemical fertilizer-N with organic amendment would have beneficial effect on soil-N retention and environmental conservation by reducing production of $NO_3^-$ which is likely to be lost through leaching or denitrification.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.24-36
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• 1987

Praziquantel이 폐흡충에 미치는 영향을 광학 및 주사전자현미경으로 관찰하기 위하여 본 연구를 수행하였다. 가재에서 분리수집한 폐흡충의 피낭유충을 2마리의 개에 경구감염시키고 11주후에 도살하여 폐로부터 128마리의 성충을 회수하였다. Tyrode 용액에 prasiquantel을 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 1000mg/m1 농도로 희석하여 배양액으로 사용하였다. 배양액에 활발히 움직이는 충체를 8마리씩 넣고 $37^{\circ}C$에서 배양하면서 15분, 30분, 1시간, 6시간, 12시간, 26시간에 운동성 및 형태학적 변화를 해부현미경으로 관찰하였다. 또한 각 실험군의 충체를 광학 및 주사전자현미경 표본으로 제작하여 관찰하였다. Praziquantel에 작용된 충체는 즉시 수축하고 점차 이완되었으며 표피와 표피하층의 공포화, 소화관의 수축과 내강의 팍장, 소화관벽의 비후, 난소와 고환의 공포화 및 말단의 구형화, Mehlis선의 공 포화등이 관찰되었다. 주사전자현미경적 소견으로 소수포의 형성은 구흡반과 복흡반 사이의 표면에서 가장 먼저 관찰되었고 배양시간과 praziquantel의 농도가 증가합에 따라 전체표면으로 확산되었다. 고농도의 배양액에 배양한 충체의 측후방 표피에는 분화구모양의 손상이 관찰되었으며 점차 전체표피로 확산되었다. Praziquantel의 작용을 받은 폐흡충의 형태학적 변화는 표피뿐만 아니라 소화기관, 생식기관 기타 조직등 전부위에서도 일어나는 것이 관찰되었다. 특히 충체가 살아있는 농도에서도 생식기관이 파괴되어 산란에 지장을 초래할 것으로 예상된다. 이와같은 변화는 pragiquantel의 농도보다 배양시간에 보다 더 영향을 받는 것으로 보인다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.182-192
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• 2004

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is the mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid (LA), which is found abundantly in dairy products and meats. This study was performed to investigate the anticarcinogenic effect of CLA in HepG2 hepatoma cells. HepG2 cell were treated with LA and CLA at the various concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 80 uM each at different incubation times. After each incubation times, cell proliferation, fatty acids incorporation into cell, peroxidation and postaglandin E$_2$ (PGE$_2$) and thromboxane $A_2$ (TXA$_2$) for the eicosanoid metabolism were measured. LA treated HepG2 cells were increased cell growth 6 - 70％ of control whereas CLA increased cell death the half of those in LA group (p 〈 0.001). LA and CLA were incorporated very well into the cellular membranes four times higher than in control according to concentration and longer incubation times. Moreover, LA synthesized significantly arachidonic acids corresponding with LA concentration compared to CLA supplementation. The supplementation with LA increased intracellular lipid peroxides concentration corresponding with LA concentration and five times higher than those in CLA significantly at any incubation times (p 〈 0.001). PGE$_2$ and TXA$_2$ levels were three to twenty times lower in condition of CLA treatments than LA, respectively. Overall, the dietary CLA might change the HepG2 cell growth by the changes of cell composition, production of lipid peroxide. Since CLA have not changed the levels of arachidonic acid of cell membrane, which was sources of eicosanoids, eicosanoid synthesis was not increased in CLA compared to LA. Our results was suggest CLA has a possibility to protect the progress of atherosclerosis because CLA does not produce lipid production and endothelial contraction factors in liver.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.255-261
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• 2000

To investigate what kinds effect arsenic exert on the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells to the neutrophilic granulocytes lineage cells, we treated sodium arsenite to murine bone marrow cells without or with the stimulation of G-CSF. When we added the various concentrations oj sodium arsenite to bone marrow cells without the stimulation of G-CSF for I, 3, 5 or 7 days, sodium arsenite did not make an any effect up to 2.5 $\mu\textrm{M}$$\mu\textrm{M}$$\mu\textrm{M}$$\mu\textrm{M}$$\mu\textrm{M}$$m\ell$ of G-CSF was induced by the co treatment of 12.5 $\mu\textrm{M}$