• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2022

Each country's economic progress creates opportunities for its citizens to raise their income. Meanwhile, the country has secured the people's social security policies, particularly the protection of income equality, to promote harmonious and sustained economic development. Vietnam has been located in a dynamic economic development area in Southeast Asia since the 1986 economic reforms, with an annual growth rate of around 7%. Meanwhile, having achieved a middle-income status of roughly 3500 USD per person per year, Vietnam is attempting to maintain income equality and access to welfare systems for its inhabitants. As a result, the primary goal of this study is to use an autoregressive distributed lagged model to investigate the effects of income inequality and other economic factors such as foreign direct investment and trade openness on Vietnam's economic growth from 1992 to 2019. The research focuses attention on literature on income inequality, economic development indicators, and economic development in unique ways in this study. Income inequality slows the rate of change in economic development in the same year, according to our findings. Finally, the study will make policy suggestions to the Vietnamese government.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.364-370
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• 2015

본 연구는 중산층 성인 남녀의 영양상태를 저소득층 및 고소득층과 비교하기 위하여 실시되었으며, 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 대부분의 영양소 섭취량은 소득 수준에 따라 유의적인 차이가 있었으며, 특히, 에너지, 단백질, 지방, 칼슘, 인, 칼륨, 티아민, 나이아신, 비타민 C섭취 수준은 남녀 모두에서 소득 수준이 높을수록 섭취 수준이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 2. 철분과 리보플라빈 섭취량은 성별에 따라 다른 양상을 보였는데, 중산층 남성의 경우 철분과 리보플라빈 섭취 수준이 저소득층 보다 높고 고소득층과 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않은 반면, 중산층 여성의 철분 섭취량은 고소득층 보다 낮고 저소득층과 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 3. 1,000 kcal 당 영양소 섭취 수준을 비교한 결과, 중산층 남성의 경우 탄수화물, 단백질, 지방의 섭취량은 고소득층과 유사하게 나타난 반면, 중산층 여성의 경우 이들 영양소 섭취량이 저소득층 보다 높고 고소득층 보다 유의적인으로 낮았다. 이상의 결과는 저소득층 뿐만 아니라 중산층, 특히 중산층 여성에 대한 영양문제에 관심을 가질 필요가 있다는 것을 보여준 것으로, 향후 소득 계층별 영양정책 수립에 있어, 성별에 대한 차이를 고려한 맞춤 복지에 대한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.165-182
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• 1997

The purpose of the study is to analyze the family economic status by wife's employment. The data used in the study was taken from 1994 Expenditure Survey of Urban Families. The results showed that 33.2% of family income of employed-wife families was from wife's earnings and employed-wife families took more family income compared to nonemployed-wife families. In total expenditure eployed-wife families spent more than nonemployed-wife families. Employed-wife families spent more than nonemployed-wife families these categories such as food away from home rent domestic services clothing & shoes education public transportation and miscellaneous; spent on health care utilities communication and private transportation. The amount of savings of employed-wife families was more than of nonemployed-wife families.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제7권12호
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• pp.647-655
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• 2020

This study introduced income mobility analysis using pseudo-longitudinal panel data from Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) to consider the dynamic process of individual's well-being through time. Since there is no comprehensive measurement of income mobility because of its dynamic process, various income mobility indices such as Chi-square, Average Jump Index, Atkinson et al. Mobility Ratio, and Shorrocks' Mobility Index were used. These indices revealed that Filipino households' income movements are more mobile than expected, and their income status improved from 2000 to 2015. As income mobility takes place, income inequality is reduced by 91.80 percent (91.80%). Furthermore, the growth effect is the main factor of income mobility. This indicates that households took the economic opportunities from economic growth to earn more. However, income mobility due to transfer effect (transfer of income from one household to another through lottery winning and borrowing) increased when the economy is not good. The higher income mobility due to growth effect compared to transfer effect, whether the economy is good or bad, means that households learned how to use their income in savings, investments, and entrepreneurship. This is the result of a successful financial literacy program of the government wherein households realized financial stability and security.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.543-551
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• 2012

Objectives : School-age children have mixed dentition and are sensitive to dental caries. Their dental condition is more important as it is directly related with oral health in their life, and parents' attention and education are necessary as the children can not manage their oral health voluntarily. Methods : To evaluate the effect of parents' occupational status on the oral health of children, this study conducted a questionnaire survey and analyzed the results along with the results of oral examination with 952 students and their parents of an elementary school located in Ulsan conducting school oral health projects on May, 2009. Results : As dental caries prevalence rate recorded 33.7%, 56.8% and 66.9% in non-dual income, professional dual income and non-professional dual income families, respectively, the rate of children of dual income families was significantly higher than that of non-dual income ones (p<0.05). Conclusions : For professional dual income families, although working mothers contribute to economic stability, they took less time to care or to educate their children compared to no-working mothers so that they need to pay more attention to oral health of children. In addition, more interest to and education for children of non-professional dual income families showing relatively lower socio-economic level and lack of time for children, were also necessary in school projects on oral health education and prevention.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.472-481
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study were to compare working condition, socioeconomic status, and health status between elderly and non-elderly workers and to examine the influencing factors of health status according to age groups. Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of data extracted from the 2014 Korean Working Conditions Survey. For the present analysis, 15,980 elderly workers over the age of 55 and 32,037 non-elderly workers under the age of 55 were selected. Results: The prevalence of subjective unhealthy status and poor mental health were significantly higher among the elderly workers than the non-elderly workers. The elderly workers were more likely to have lower level of education and income than the non-elderly workers. They also reported less support from colleagues and managers, however, have more decision authority. Among the elderly workers, long working hours, awkward posture, physical environmental risks, quantitative demand, decision authority, social support, age discrimination, education level, and income level were significant predictors of subjective health status or mental health. Conclusion: For keeping elderly workers healthy and productive, work environment needs to become more age-friendly. An age-friendly workplace may include: accommodative support, workers' participation, minimization of environment risk, etc.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.645-656
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• 2001

The relationship between socio-economic status and food and nutrient consumption patterns was studied in 7,370 Koreans aged 20 years and older in the 1995 Korean Health and Nutrition Survey. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rapid economic growth on food and nutrient consumption for Korean adults in the last 30 years. Monthly household income, and individual's educational level and occupation were chosen as variables of socio-economic status for individuals. A one day 24 hour recall method was used for the dietary survey. One way analysis of varience was adopted to test tole association between socio-economic variables and food and nutrient consumption patterns. Individuals who had a high socio-economic status had significantly higher daily intake of most of the nutrients including calcium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_2$which reached above the recommended dietary allowances(RDA) and a higher percentage energy consumption from fat. In addition, individual who belonged to a low socio-economic status consumed less animal foods, including meat, egg, milk and consumed low proportion of energy from fat. The results suggest that in spite of rapid economic growth during the last 30 years in Korea, individuals who belonged to low sorio-economic status categories are still nutritionally vulnerable. Among the sorio-economic variables, income and education except occupation were the influential factors on the food and nutrient consumption of Koreans. Therefore, nutrition policy should focus on influencing the dietary patterns of lower social class individuals to improve the health status of the population as a whole.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.47-61
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship among financial debt burden, psychological factors and financial stress. Data was collected by surveying 450 individuals who were over twenty years old, and 384 were used for the analysis. As the result, first, number of sources of debt, use of each debt, marital status/double income, housing, debt amount and financial stress were found to be significantly different among three groups(debt free, non risky, risky). In addition, marital status/double income, gender, housing and income were found to significantly influence to the probability of being one of the three groups. Second, level of debt burden, age, employment and income were found to significantly influence to financial stress, while psychological factors such as risk tolerance and self-control were not. It might be noteworthy that people in debt were likely to have higher level of stress, while the older, employed, and having higher income were likely to have lower level of stress. This study would provide useful information in terms of debt policy to relieve the financial stress.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the affecting factors on employed mens' retirement and reemployment decision making. The focus was on the process of employed mens' decision on retirement and their reemployment decision after retirement from present job. The major findings were as follows ; First, the employed men who had a retirement plan were having more household income, more household net asset, more savings and investment for elderly life, and more positive attitude toward retirement. Second, the major factors affecting on having retirement plan or not were employed mens' age, household income, expected income after retirement, savings and investment for elderly life, job, and attitude toward retirement. Third, the major affecting factors on expected retirement age were employed mens' age, health status, job security, and attitude toward retirement. Forth, the employed mens' reemployment decision was affected from their household income, expected income after retirement, pension ownership, and attitude toward retirement. From the findings, it can be concluded that the employed mens' age, economic status, and attitude toward retirement played a important role in the process of retirement and reemployment decision making.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.706-715
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• 2011

This study aims to identify the dietary patterns relevant to obesity of Korean women among low income classes. Adults 20-64 years were used as study subjects from the data of 2005 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We compared obese and normal-weight women in terms of their nutrients intake, diet quality and food patterns. Diet quality was assessed by using the Nutritional Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ). Our results showed higher prevalence of obesity among lower socioeconomic status women. In men, there were no significant associations with socioeconomic status and prevalence of obesity. Higher risk of nutritional inadequacy was observed among obese women compared to normal weight women. Obese women showed significantly lower INQ for nutrients such as Ca, Fe, Vitamin A, Thiamin, Riboflavin and Vitamin C compared to other women. They consumed significantly higher amount of rice (p < 0.05) and lower amount of vegetables (p < 0.01). By contrast, obese men from low income classes showed higher intake of those nutrients. Obese men also consumed significantly higher amount of meats than normal weight men. Therefore, this study suggests that gender-specific approaches based on economic situation should be considered in developing the intervention program for managing obesity for low income classes.