• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2019

Breast animation deformity (BAD) has been reported to occur after submuscular implant placement following breast augmentation and immediate breast reconstruction. Despite its apparent impact on patients' quality of life, BAD has only recently become a topic of general concern. Its incidence and etiology have yet to be established. The aim of this systematic review was to identify papers that clearly defined and classified BAD and described how the degree of animation was assessed. We performed a search in PubMed and Embase. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria that described BAD after implant-based breast augmentation or immediate breast reconstruction were included. After screening 866 publications, four studies were included: three describing BAD after breast augmentation and one describing BAD after immediate breast reconstruction. The median percentage of patients with some degree of BAD was 58%. The highest percentages were found in patients operated on using the Regnault technique or the dual-plane technique (73%-78%). The lowest percentages were found following the dual-plane muscle-splitting technique (30%) and the triple-plane technique (33%). We found no studies meeting the inclusion criteria that analyzed BAD after prepectoral implant placement. This review of the current literature suggests that the degree of BAD is proportional to the degree of muscle involvement. Evidence is scarce, and the phenomenon seems to be underreported. Future comparative studies are warranted.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 1975

The poxvirus group is considered to be a typical cytoplasmic inclusion forming virus. Every poxvirus has been reported to produce only one kind of inclusion in the infected tissues. A vague concept that inclusions of poxviruses are eosinophilic or acidophilic has prevailed. Although many papers and theories about the nature of the inclusion have been presented, most of them are not quite convincing on the point of the relations with virus multiplication, and an analysis of papers published showed that there seem to be many discrepancies in the descriptions of the nature of the poxvirus inclusions. Comparative studies on host-virus interaction with cowpox, orf, swinepox and fowlpox viruses which selected from each Group (I-IV) of poxviruses were performed from the morphological and virological standpoints. At first, in cowpox virus-FL cell system, as a comparative model, cytoplasmic inclusion, nucleic acid metabolism by autoradiography and detection of viral antigen by immunofluorescence were studied and obtained the results as follows: 1. The focus-like cytopathic effect (CPE) at early stage developed to entire culture at terminal stage of infection, and also the developing status of CPE was correlated to viral doses for inoculation. Two kinds of cytoplasmic inclusions which named A and B type were easily observed by Giemsa, hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) and May-Greenwald Giemsa (MGG) stainings in the infected cells. The B type inclusions were formed at early stage of infection and the A type inclusions were produced subsequently the B type formation. The B type which common type inclusion in poxviruses was a small compact or aggregate at early stage and developed to a large diffuse body at terminal stage of infection. On the other hand, the A type inclusion which depend upon the kind of virus was appeared as round and discrete shape, and its size and number was increased gradually during the culture period. It was characteristic to form distinct halos around the both types of inclusions in acid fixed, H & E stained preparations of infected cultures. The B type inclusion was always positive in Feulgen reaction and showed as DNA containing body but the A type inclusion was not. 2. In the relationship between inclusion and DNA metabolism of infected cells by the qualitative autoradiography using 3H-thymidine, the appearance of silver grains was coincided with B type inclusion but not with A type inclusion. This showed that the DNA synthesis was proceeded in all B type inclusions except those in the terminal stage with a diffuse form. This suggested that the B type inclusions are only sites of DNA synthesis and this was proceeded after the cell infection independently. The activity of DNA synthesis of the inclusions was nearly the same as that of the nucleic of normal cells and non-inclusion bearing cells. and non-inclusion bearing cells. Regardless of the size of the degree of DNA synthesis of the B type inclusion, inclusion bearing cells all showed remarkable suppression of nuclear DNA synthesis. 3. By the direct fluorescent antibody technique viral antigen in infected cells was detected. The B type inclusions have been proved to contain a great deal of viral antigen, whereas the basic substance of A type inclusion did not show antigenicity except the round edge. It was suggested that the round edge fluorescence might be caused by the glare of cytoplasmic viral antigen which pushed out and concentrated by the A type inclusion development. 4. Hemorrhagic red pock formations on chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated chicken egg had proved the characteristic of used viral strain. 5. By the above studies on the nature of two types of inclusions and the role they play in virus multiplication, it was concluded that the B type inclusion must be the site of the synthesis of viral DNA and protein as well as the site of the virus.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.641-649
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• 2017

The discovery of the Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) by Farran in 1956 initiated a new era in the study of the behaviour of concrete. Acknowledged as the weak link, this ITZ was studied extensively, numerically as well as experimentally. While the complementary experimental tests illustrated the visual behaviour of this specimen under increasing monotonic compression loading, a perfect bond within the ITZ has also been studied by using finite element analysis for comparison purposes. Finite element analysis was used to evaluate the degree of correctness and precision of the proposed ITZ model. This paper discusses the use of the cutoff bar in finite element modeling, representing the ITZ of a single aggregate (inclusion) in a mortar matrix. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of the ITZ model on the single inclusion specimen's strength. The model was tested for some inclusions that varied in dimension and shape. The effect of inclusion shape on the stress concentrations of the specimens was examined. The aim of this research work is to propose a simple yet accurate ITZ model to be used in the commercially available finite element software packages.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.164-169
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• 2007

Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) was studied phenomenologically and the effect of microstructure on HIC was discussed for the steels having two different levels of nonmetallic inclusions. Steels having different microstructures were produced by thermomechanically controlled processes (TMCP) from two different heats which had the different level of nonmetallic inclusions. Ferrite/pearlite (F/P), ferrite/acicular ferrite (F/AF), ferrite/bainite (F/B) were three representative microstructures for all tested steels. For the steels with higher level of inclusions, permissible inclusion level for HIC not to develop was different according to steelmicrostructure. On the contrary, HIC occurred also at the martensite/austenite (M/A) constituents regardless of steel microstructure when they accumulated to a certain degree. It was proved that M/A constituents were easily embrittled by hydrogen atoms. Steels having F/AF is resistant to HIC at a given actual service condition since they covers a wide range of diffusible hydrogen content without developing HIC.

• 한국전산구조공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전산구조공학회 1990년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.37-43
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• 1990

This paper develops practical models and methods for the assessment of safety and rating of damaged and/or deteriorated bridges by incorporating a system identification technique for the explicit inclusion of the degree of deterioration or damage and of the actual bridge response. And, based on the proposed model, reliability-based rating methods are proposed as LRFR(Load and Resistance Factor Rating) and system reliability-index rating criteria. The proposed limit state model explicitly accounts for the degree of deterioration or damage in terms of the damage and response factors. The damage factor in the paper is proposed as the ratio of the current stiffness to the intact stiffness. Based on the observation and the results of applications to existing bridges, it may be concluded that the proposed rating models, which explicitly account for the uncertainties and the effects of degree of deterioration or damage based on the system identification technique, provide more realistic and consistent safety-assessment and capacity-rating.

• E2M - 전기 전자와 첨단 소재
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.581-588
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• 1997

The ionization energy and degree of ionization for Si and Ge with boron doping are calculated. The hole mobilities are then calculated as a function of doping concentration using the relaxation time approximation. When the screening effect is taken into account, the reduction of ionization energy results in the increase of degree of ionization. As a result, the calculated Si mobility becomes closer to the experimental data, whereas the calculated Ge mobility is almost independent of the screening effect. The inclusion of the broadening effect in the mobility calculation overestimates the ionized impurity scattering. As compared with the experiment, the screening effect is not avoidable to calculate Si and Ge mobilities, and the broadening effect must accompany with the hopping process.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.68-78
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• 2014

최근 들어 미디어의 관광에 대한 관심은 점차 증대되고 있으며 이에 따라 미디어에는 관광과 관련된 콘텐츠가 지속적으로 증가하는 추세를 보여주고 있다. 이에 이 연구에서는 관광저널리즘의 현주소를 파악하는 한편 미디어산업과 관광산업의 바람직한 연계를 모색하기 위한 단초를 찾기 위해 주요 신문의 관광보도에 대한 내용분석을 실시하였다. 분석 기간은 2013년 1월 1일부터 12월 31일까지 1년이었으며 순환표집을 실시해 53일치의 신문을 선택하였다. 주요 분석유목은 기사의 유형, 주제, 필자, 홍보성 정보의 포함 정도 등이었으며 신문사별 보도의 차이, 기사유형별 및 주제별 홍보성 정보의 포함 정도의 차이가 분석되었다. 분석결과 신문사별로는 기사의 유형, 주제, 홍보성정보의 포함 정도에서 차이를 보였으며 기사의 유형과 주제에 따라 홍보성정보의 포함 정도가 다른 것으로 밝혀졌다. 분석결과를 토대로 신문의 관광관련 보도의 문제점을 도출하였고 이를 개선하기 위한 방안들을 논의하였다.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 1998

A hydrophobic substrate triolein was hydrolyzed by lipase in a mono-phase reaction system containing cyclodextrin(CD) as emulsifier. The triolein was transformation to an emulsion-like state in the CD containing reaction system in contrast to the oil-droplet like state without CD due to the formation of an inclusion complex between the lipids and CDs. The hydyrolysis reaction increased substantially in the CD containing reaction system, and the optimum reaction conditions including the amount of lipase, ${\beta}$-CD concentration, and mixing ratio of triolein and ${\beta}$-CD, were determined. The performance of the enzyme reaction in a mono-phase reaction system was compared with that of a two-phase reaction system which used water immiscible hexane as the organic solvent. The role of a CD in the mono-phase reaction system was elucidated by comparing the degree of the inclusion complex formation with triolein and oleic acid, Km and Vmax values, and product inhibition by oleic aicd in aqueous and CD containing reaction systems. The resulting enhanced reaction seems to be caused by two phenomena; the increased accessibility of lipase to triolein and reduced product inhibition by oleic acid through the formation of an inclusion complex.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.321-326
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 초임계 이산화탄소를 이용한 SAS 공정을 난용성 약물인 이트라코나졸과 친수성 물질인 HP-$\beta$-CD의 포접복합체 미세입자의 제조에 적용하기 위한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. 이트라코나졸과 HP-$\beta$-CD를 1:2의 몰비로 혼합한 용액을 사용하여 35∼$65^{\circ}C$의 온도범위와 83∼140 bar의 압력범위에서 SAS 공정으로 이트라코나졸/HP-$\beta$-CD 포접복합체 미세입자를 제조하였으며, 이트라코나졸 및 HP-$\beta$-CD 원재료의 열적 특성과 비교함으로써 초임계 유체 공정에 의해 포접복합체를 제조할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 또한, SAS 공정에 의해 제조된 이트라코나졸/HP-$\beta$-CD 포접복합체의 인공위액에 대한 이트라코나졸의 용출시험을 수행한 결과 이트라코나졸 원재료와 이트라코나졸을 함유한 대표적 시판 제제인 스포라녹스 캡슐제와 비교해 투입된 이트라코나졸의 50∼80%에 해당하는 양이 용출개시 5분 만에 방출되는 매우 빠른 초기 용출특성을 보임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이트라코나졸 /HP-$\beta$-CD 포접복합체의 제조시 SAS 공정 조건이 35$^{\circ}C$에서 $65^{\circ}C$로 높아짐에 따라 이트라코나졸의 용출률이 감소하였을 뿐만 아니라 열분석 결과 이트라코나졸의 용융 피크의 세기도 점차로 증가하게 된다는 결과로부터 포접복합체의 형성이 이루어지는 주변 매질의 온도가 높아짐에 따라 초임계 이산화탄소 분자의 활동도가 증가하게 되어 이트라코나졸과 HP-$\beta$-CD의 포접복합체 형성에 필요한 결합력이 점차로 약해져서 포접 효율이 저하하게 됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 1998년도 The Third Asian Fuzzy Systems Symposium
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• pp.278-283
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• 1998

The interval approach to the linguistic expression coding nears us to the human idea. Thus, what seems "weak" for a person can appear very weak for another person or for the same person in others circumstances. However, the utilization of intervals is not restrained to the cases of linguistic expression coding. Indeed, the interval can facilitate the solution of several problems.