• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2004

Purpose: To investigate the anatomical structure of the incisive canal radiographically by a cone beam computed tomography. Materials and Methods: 38 persons (male 26, female 12) were chosen to take images of maxillary anterior region in dental CT mode using a cone beam computed tomography. The tube voltage were 65, 67, and 70kVp, the tube current was 7 mA, and the exposure time was 13.3 seconds. The FH plane of each person was parallel to the floor. The images were analysed on the CRT display. Results: The mean length of incisive canal was 15.87 mm±2.92. The mean diameter at the side of palate and nasal fossa were 3.49 mm±0.76 and 3.89 mm± 1.06, respectively. In the cross-sectional shape of incisive canal, 50% were round, 34.2% were ovoid, and 15.8% were lobulated. 87% of incisive canal at the side of nasal fossa have one canal, 10.4% have two canals, and 2.6% have three canals, but these canals were merged into one canal in the middle portion of palate. The mean angles of the long axis of incisive canal and central incisor to the FH plane were 110.3°±6.96 and 117.45°±7.41, respectively. The angles of the long axis of incisive canal and central incisor to the FH plane were least correlated (r= 0.258). Conclusion : This experiment suggests that a cone beam computed radiography will be helpful in surgery or implantation on the maxillary incisive area.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.145-149
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• 2006

Purpose : To assess the width of the labial alveolar bone of the incisive canal and the width of the incisive canal on spiral computed tomographic images of the anterior portion of the maxilla. Materials and Methods : Study materials included 38 CT scans taken for preoperative planning of implant placement. Axial cross-sectioned image entirely showing the incisive canal was selected and scanned with 600 DPI resolution. The width of the labial alveolar bone of the incisive canal at an orifice to the oral cavity, middle portion, and an orifice to the nasal cavity and the diameter of the incisive canal at the middle portion were determined by two specialist using Digora for Windows 2.1 The statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS 12.0.1. Results : When the maxillary central incisors remained, the mean labial alveolar bone width were $6.81{\pm}1.41mm,\;6.46{\pm}1.33mm$, and $7.91{\pm}1.33mm$. When the maxillary central incisors were missed the mean width were $5.42{\pm}2.20mm,\;6.23{\pm}2.29mm$, and $7.89{\pm}2.13mm$. Conclusions : The labial alveolar bone width at middle portion and an orifice to the nasal cavity were of no statistical significant difference according to presence of the maxillary central incisors (P>0.05). The width between oral cavity and nasal cavity, middle portion and to nasal cavity revealed statistically significant difference (P<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.226-229
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• 2006

The interforaminal region is usually considered as a safe region in the chin bone graft without important vital anatomical structures to be damaged. But the accurate anatomy of the interforaminal region, with its potential clinical relationships, is controversial. Moreover some complications suggesting damage of incisive terminal branches after chin bone harvesting are reported such as sensory discomfort and pain etc. In order to verify incisive innervation of symphyseal area, we examined the cross-sectional CT scan images taken for preoperative planning of implant placement with chin bone graft and some parameters were measured; (1) visuality rating of incisive canal (2) vertical and horizontal diameter of canal (3) distance from lower border of the incisive canal to the lower border of the mandible (4) shortest distance from anterior border of the incisive canal to the anterior border of the mandible. We report the positive outcome that decrease the complications related with the damages of incisive branch during bone harvesting from the chin.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to detect the anterior loop of the mental nerve and the mandibular incisive canal in panoramic radiographs (PAN) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, as well as to determine the anterior/mesial extension of these structures in panoramic and cross-sectional reconstructions using PAN and CBCT images. Materials and Methods: Images (both PAN and CBCT) from 90 patients were evaluated by 2 independent observers. Detection of the anterior loop and the incisive canal were compared between PAN and CBCT. The anterior/mesial extension of these structures was compared between PAN and both cross-sectional and panoramic CBCT reconstructions. Results: In CBCT, the anterior loop and the incisive canal were observed in 7.7% and 24.4% of the hemimandibles, respectively. In PAN, the anterior loop and the incisive canal were detected in 15% and 5.5% of cases, respectively. PAN presented more difficulties in the visualization of structures. The anterior/mesial extensions ranged from 0.0 mm to 19.0 mm on CBCT. PAN underestimated the measurements by approximately 2.0 mm. Conclusion: CBCT appears to be a more reliable imaging modality than PAN for preoperative workups of the anterior mandible. Individual variations in the anterior/mesial extensions of the anterior loop of the mental nerve and the mandibular incisive canal mean that is not prudent to rely on a general safe zone for implant placement or bone surgery in the interforaminal region.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.146-158
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• 2009

Objective: The purpose of this study was to reveal the position of the incisive foramen in relation to the incisive papilla and cusp tips. Methods: Plaster models and CT images of 25 adult orthodontic patients were used to measure the width of the incisive canal and positions of the anterior and posterior borders of the incisive foramen in relation to the incisive papilla. Results: The palatal surface distance from the interdental papilla between the maxillary central incisors to the posterior border of the incisive foramen along the palatal surface was 1.7 fold of the distance from the interdental papilla between the central incisors to the posterior border of the incisive papilla. The distance between the posterior border of the incisive papilla and posterior border of the incisive foramen along the palatal surface was 6.15 ${\pm}$ 1.75 mm. The anteroposterior position of the posterior border of the incisive foramen was slightly anterior to the lingual cusp tips of the maxillary 1st premolars. The width of the incisive foramen was 4.03 ${\pm}$ 0.64 mm, therefore it is recommended to position the mini-implant more than 3 mm laterally when placing a mini-implant lateral to the incisive foramen, from the center. Conclusions: These results can be used as a reference in presuming the position of the incisive foramen when placing mini-implant in the anterior palate area.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.216-226
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• 2020

Root resorption can be caused by several factors, including contact with the cortical bone. Here we report a case involving a 21-year-old female with Angle Class II, division 1 malocclusion who exhibited significant root resorption in the maxillary right central incisor after orthodontic treatment. The patient presented with significant left-sided deviation of the maxillary incisors due to lingual dislocation of the left lateral incisor and a Class II molar relationship. Cephalometric analysis demonstrated a Class I skeletal relationship (A point-nasion-B point, 2.5°) and proclined maxillary anterior teeth (upper incisor to sella-nasion plane angle, 113.4°). The primary treatment objectives were the achievement of stable occlusion with midline agreement between the maxillary and mandibular dentitions and appropriate maxillary anterior tooth axes and molar relationship. A panoramic radiograph obtained after active treatment showed significant root resorption in the maxillary right central incisor; therefore, we performed cone-beam computed tomography, which confirmed root resorption along the cortical bone around the incisive canal. The findings from this case, where different degrees of root resorption were observed despite comparable degrees of orthodontic movement in the bilateral maxillary central incisors, suggest that the incisive canal could be an inducing factor for root resorption. However, further investigation is necessary to confirm this assumption.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.48-55
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to utilize cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image analysis to obtain anatomical information related to the morphology of the incisive foramen to provide useful data regarding implant placement and clinical procedures such as anesthesia. Methods: The study included 167 patients who underwent CBCT scans over 20 years. Three components were measured: 1) the anteroposterior and mediolateral diameter of the incisive foramen, 2) the horizontal bone thickness anterior to the incisive foramen, and 3) the vertical bone height coronal to the incisive foramen. All measurements were expressed as mean±standard deviation and were analyzed by a single examiner. Results: The anteroposterior diameter of the incisive foramen was wider than the mediolateral diameter (P<0.001). The diameter of the incisive foramen in patients in whom the central incisors were present was smaller than that in those in whom at least one central incisor was absent, but no statistically significant difference between the groups was observed. The horizontal bone thickness in the patients with central incisors was statistically significantly larger than that in the patients without at least one central incisor (P<0.001). The same pattern was observed with regard to vertical height, but that difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: The buccal bone thickness anterior to the incisive foramen was significantly decreased after central incisor loss. It is necessary to identify the morphology of the bone and the location of the incisive foramen via CBCT to avoid invasion of the incisive foramen and nasopalatine canal.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.12
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• pp.967-974
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of mandibular incisive canal (MIC) in Korean population. Materials and methods: A total of 97 subjects (60 males and 37 females) who underwent cone-beam computed tomography were included in the study. The anatomic features of MIC was assessed according to gender. Length, diameter and distance to inferior, lingual and buccal border were measured at the origin and the terminal. Also the distribution of MIC at each tooth position was evaluated. Results: Of 97 patients included, 75(77.3%) presented bilateral MIC and 13(13.4%) presented unilateral MIC. Of 194 hamimandibles, MIC was detected in 102(85%) sites in male and 61(82.4%) sites in female. Gender and side showed no statistically significant differences in detectability. The length, diameter and distance to adjacent structures were bigger in male than in female except the distance to lingual border. MIC travelled anteriorly in a slightly downward and lingual direction and usually terminated between the first premolar and the canine. On cross-sectional view, MIC showed individually scattered distribution both buccolingually and superoinferiorly. Conclusion: MIC is well detected with cone-beam computed tomography. Considered that the length and the location of MIC has large variations between individuals, its localization using cone-beam CT is highly recommended before performing surgical procedures such as implant placement and bone harvesting.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1999

A clinical study of selected patients with cyst which were managed in the Department of oral and maxillofacial sugery from March 1994 to February 1998 was done. An following results were obtained 1. Male were involved more than females by cyst in a ratio of 1.95:1 and most of the cases occurred in the secondary decades 2. The primary site of radicular cysts were the anterior incisor area, dentigerous cysts were anterior incisor area and canine area, incisive canal cysts were maxillary anterior area, odontogenic keratocyst were the mandibular ramus area. 3. The common symptoms were swelling(65 cases), pain(12 cases) and the mean duration of syptomatic period was 10 days. 4. The rates of histopathologic classification were radicular cyst(58%), dentigerous cyst(22%), incisive canal cyst(9%), odontogenic keratocyst(11%). 5. Average of Alk. phosphatase was 235(IU/L) at pre-twenty age and 102(IU/L) at post-twenty age. 6. In treatment modalities, enucleation was most common, odontogenic keratocyst was treated by enucleation and curettage for prevention of recurrence.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the general anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to determine the human anatomic variability of the nasopalatine canal in relation to age and gender. Materials and Methods: The study included 100 subjects aged between 20 and 86 years who were divided into the following 3 groups: 1) 20-34 years old; 2) 35-49 years old; 3) ${\geq}50$ years old. The subjects were equally distributed between the genders. CBCT was performed using a standard exposure and patient positioning protocol. The data of the CBCT images were sliced in three dimensions. Image planes on the three axes (X, Y, and Z) were sequentially analyzed for the location, morphology and dimensions of the nasopalatine canal by two independent observers. The correlation of age and gender with all the variables was evaluated. Results: The present study did not reveal statistically significant differences in the number of openings at the nasal fossa; diameter of the nasal fossa openings; diameter of the incisive fossa; shape, curvature, and angulation of the canal as viewed in the sagittal sections; antero-posterior dimensions and length of the canal in the sagittal sections; or the level of division of the canal in the coronal plane by age. However, males and females showed significant differences in the length of the canal in the sagittal sections and level of the division of the canal in the coronal plane. Conclusion: The present study highlighted important variability observed in the anatomy and morphology of the nasopalatine canal.