• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2003

목 적 : 1989~1990, 1993~94, 2000~01년 3차례 홍역 유행 시기의 홍역 환아들에서 역학 및 임상적 차이가 있는가를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 3차례의 홍역 유행시 입원한 환아 총 502명의 의무기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 환아군을 유행 시기에 따라 I군(1989~90년, 116명), II군(1993~94년, 127명) 및 III군(2000~01년, 227명)으로 나눈 후 각 군간의 역학적, 임상적 특징에 대해 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 연령 분포에서 2세 미만의 비율은 각 군에서 각각 61%, 58% 및 57%로 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 2세 이상의 연령분포에서 I군의 2~5세 비율이 21%로, II군의 6~9세 비율이 28% 및 II군의 10세 이상 비율이 21%로 각 군의 같은 연령군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 남녀비, MMR 예방 접종률, 총 발열일 및 간염의 빈도에서는 3군간에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 입원일(P=0.019)과 합병증 발생률(P=0.012)에서 III군에 비해 I군에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결 론 : 3차례의 연속적으로 유행한 홍역에서, MMR 접종을 받았으나 홍역에 이환된 경우도 있었고, 또한 발생 연령이 세월이 지나감에 따라 유의하게 증가하는 것이 관찰되었다. 이는 홍역 예방접종의 이차적 실패의 가능성도 있음을 시사하는 것으로 향후 지속적인 관심과 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2011

This study analyzed visitors' behaviors in the viewpoint of Attraction Power and Holding Power of exhibits on the basis of exhibition layout of real science museums. Through the analysis, the study grasped efficiency of analysis index and exhibition environment elements which might have an effect on planning the exhibition space of a large-scale museum and producing detailed ranges of exhibition. The main indicators used are: 1. Attraction Power: it indicates the relative incidence of people who have stopped in front of an object/exhibit during the exhibition tour. It is calculated by dividing the number of people who stop by the total number of people who have visited the museum or gallery. 2. Holding Power: it measures the average time spent in front of an information/communication element. It is calculated by dividing the average time of stay by the time "necessary" to read an element. As a result of analyzing the exhibition areas of National Science Museum (Daejeon) and National Museum of Emerging Science and Innovation(Tokyo), the Holding Power was found to be relatively lower than the Attracting Power. This means that 3.5 out of 10 visitors stop in front of the exhibit in 6 exhibition areas, and among these, only 1/10 is used when compared to the user required time of the exhibits. In other words, like the method of deriving an analysis index, the stage of viewing can be categorized as Attracting Power and Holding Power, and because the stage from Attracting Power to the stage of Holding Power are strongly linked, it shows that it is not easy to display a meaningful result. Except, the general distribution of Attracting Power was shown to be high from the entrance area of the exhibition hall based on the standard of viewing sequence. Also, the Holding Power became sequentially lower according to the sequence of exhibition viewing and displayed a meaningful interrelationship with the distribution ratio of island exhibits. In the case of island exhibition method, it is less influenced by the movement flow of visitors when compared to the wall type method of exhibition and can be understood as an exhibition method that provides spatial chances enabling stopping and viewing.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권8호
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• pp.3443-3446
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• 2015

Background: Testicular tumors constitute a rare type of cancer affecting adolescents and young adults with recent reports confirming an increase in incidence worldwide. The purpose of this study was to estimate the epidemiological characteristics and histological subtypes of testicular tumors in the Lebanese population according to the WHO classification of testicular and paratesticular tumors. Materials and Methods: In this single institutional retrospective study, all patients diagnosed with a testicular tumor in Hotel-Dieu de France Hospital University in Beirut between 1992 and 2014 were enrolled. The age, subtype based on the 2004 WHO classification and body side of tumor were analyzed. Results: A total of two hundred and forty-four (244) patients diagnosed with a testicular tumor in our institution were included in the study. Two hundred and one patients (82.4% of all testicular tumors) had germ cell tumors (TGCT). Among TGCT, 50% were seminomatous tumors, 48% non-seminomatous tumors (NST) and 2% were spermatocytic seminomas. The NST were further divided into mixed germ cell tumors (63.9%), embryonic carcinomas (18.6%), teratomas (15.4%) and yolk sac tumors (2.1%). The mean age for testicular tumors was 32 years. The mean age for germ cell tumors was 31 years and further subtypes such as seminomatous tumors had a mean age of 34 years, 28 years in non-seminomatous tumors and 56 years in spermatocytic seminoma. Patients with right testicular tumor were the predominant group with 55% of patients. Three patients (1.2%) presented with bilateral tumors. Conclusions: The distribution of different subgroups and the mean age for testicular tumors proved comparable to most countries of the world except for some Asian countries. Germ cell tumors are the most common subtype of testicular tumors with seminomatous tumors being slightly more prevalent than non-seminomatous tumors in Lebanese patients.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2015

Purpose - Among potential marketing strategies, the most efficient method to encourage purchase intention is through sales promotions. Sales promotions also serve to enhance customer satisfaction, which is closely related to the incidence of repurchases. Therefore, the success of retail stores greatly depends on the effectiveness of their promotional activities. The present study aimed to obtain the necessary information for apparel stores to establish more effective promotional activities. To this end, the study's specific research questions were to examine 1) consumer satisfaction with the recent sales promotions of retail apparel stores, 2) the levels of consumer preferences for different types of sales promotions (cash discounts, promotional gifts, prize drawings, discount coupons, stamp cards, or mileage cards), and 3) the differences in purchase intention according to preference levels for different types of sales promotions. Research design, data, and methodology - The research employed a descriptive survey method using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample consisted of 700 men (n=234) and women (n=466) ranging in age from their 20s to their 50s and residing in the Seoul area. Data were analyzed through methods including factor analysis as well as Cronbach's α coefficients, the t-test, ANOVA, and the Duncan test. Results - Differences among consumer preferences were identified for each type of sales promotion according to the purchase amount and the customer's age. In relation to purchase amounts below 500,000 won, participants in their 50s have lower preferences for price discounts than those in their 20s or 30s, whereas participants in their 40s or 50s have lower preferences for stamp cards and mileage cards than those in their 20s. When the purchase amount is greater than 500,000 won, housewives have higher preferences for promotional gifts than respondents with other occupations. However, no gender differences were found with regard to preference levels for the different types of sales promotions. Respondents generally exhibited mediocre satisfaction with the sales promotion events of retail apparel stores. They also expressed negative opinions about sales promotions when such promotions lead to high prices, as well as dissatisfaction with the poor quality of promotional gifts. It was also found that, regardless of the purchase amount, the groups with higher preferences for discount coupons and mileage cards displayed higher purchase intentions. Only when the purchase amount is greater than 200,000 won did the group with higher preferences for lottery system promotional gifts express higher purchase intentions. On the other hand, for all purchase amount sizes, there were no differences in purchase intentions according to preferences for cash discounts, promotional gifts, or stamp cards. Conclusions - The results revealed that greater effort must be devoted to enhancing consumers' satisfaction levels with the promotional activities performed by apparel retail stores. The results also showed that it is necessary to differentiate among sales promotion strategies according to preference levels for different types of sales promotions, purchase amounts, and target consumer ages.

• 대한간호
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.25-35
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• 1990

It is a fact that there are recent increasing trends or incidence of the colorectal carcinoma among other colorectal diseases. In such trend, the early detection remain to be most important by the air contrast barium enema and total colonofiberscopy. There are several ways to prepare the colon for barium enema and colonofiberscopy which include several agents. The mechanical cleansing have been used most frequently since Brown's method was adapted to be most perfect for colon deansing. The ideal laxatives and enema solutions were limited to adequate dose, it's effectiveness, patient's diet and bowel habit, minimal side effect, low cost and simple to perform. In order to compare the effectiveness of various cleansing solutions, six experimental methods were formed as shown; 1. normal saline enema, 2. castor oil with normal saline enema, 3. castor oil with soap suds enema, 4. magnesium citrate with normal saline, 5. magnesium citrate with soap suds enema and 6. ingestion of Golyetly solution. The authors have compared and determined the degree of cleanness by an experienced endoscopist. The total number of patients was 247, age distribution was $43{\pm}15$ years old, and sex distribution was 133 males and 114 females. The grade I and II represented no difficulties at performing the colonofiberscopy, but grade ill and N had some difficulties, even unable to perform the colonofiberscopy. The effectiveness the cleansing agents, represented with grade I and II was 95.9% (47/49) in method 6, 93.2%(54/58) in method 2, 83.3%(30/33) in method 3, 70.0%(28/10) in method 5, 66.7%(16/24) in method i, and 45.7%(18/40) in method 4. Method 2 and 6 were the most effective in normal bowel habit patients. In constipated patients, method 6 was the most effective and all method except method 11 were effective in diarrhea patients. The degrees of less mucosal irritation by various bowel cleansing method were in the order of method 6(100%), 1(100%), 5(74%), 2(69%). In subjective symptoms and cleansing groups, abdominal distension, pain, nausea and vomiting were complained, and that's subject symptoms were in the order of method 3(88.9%), 6 (79.6%), 1(75%), 5(72.5%), 2(72.4%), 4(67.5%). In conclusion, we believe that the Golytely of the mechanical cleansing solution for colonofiberscopy was the most effective, but others depended on the patient's condition und bowel habit.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.154-157
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• 2005

목 적 : 1993년부터 2003년까지 발생한 마이코플라즈마 폐렴의 역학적 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1993-2003년, 11년 동안 가톨릭대학교 대전성모병원 소아과에 입원한 마이코플라즈마 폐렴 환아 559명을 대상으로 입원기록지를 후향적으로 분석하였다. 성별, 연령별, 연도별, 및 월별 발생에 대해 분석하였으며, 1994년과 2003년의 자료를 비교, 분석하였다. 결 과 : 연간 평균 환아 수는 51명이었으며, 1993-94년, 1997년, 2001년 및 2003년에 많은 환아가 발생하였다. 계절별 발생에서 가을(9-11월)에 233명(41.7%)으로 가장 많이 발생하였으며, 겨울 26.7%, 여름 19.0%, 봄 12.7%을 보였다. 남녀비는 1.2 : 1, 연령은 5-6세를 정점으로 3-8세 사이에 68.2%의 환아가 발생하였다. 1994년과 2003년 비교에서 최고 발생 연령군이 5-6세에서 3-4세로, 2세 미만 발생 환아 비율이 1.1%에서 26%로 최근 유행에서 어린 소아의 이환이 많았다. 1994년에서는 1월을 중심으로한 가을-겨울철 유행을, 2003년에서는 9월을 중심으로 한 여름-가을철 유행을 보였다. 결 론 : 최근 10년간 마이코플라즈마 폐렴의 양상은 2-4년 유행 주기를 보였으며, 전국적인 유행과 일치하였다. 또한 서구에 비해 더 어린 연령의 소아가 감염되고, 최대 발병 연령이 근자에 가까울수록 더 어려지는 경향을 보였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.376-380
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• 2007

목 적 : 중추 신경계를 제외한 기타 경미한 감염의 경우에 유발성 경련 및 열성 경련과의 연관성에 대해 조사하였고, 또한 이러한 경련 환아들을 추적해 보았을 때 비유발성 경련으로의 발현과는 어떠한 관련성을 보이는가에 관해 통계적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 첫 경련을 주소로 내원한 환아 중에서 중추 신경계에 관련된 감염을 제외한 경미한 감염을 원인으로 하는 경우를 대상으로 하였고, 이를 유발성 경련과 열성 경련으로 구분하여 이에 따른 원인별 비교 및 역학적 조사를 실시하였다. 또한 이러한 유발성 경련과 열성 경련 환아를 대상으로 1년 이상의 추적 관찰을 시행하여 비유발성 경련으로의 이행 여부를 조사하고 통계 분석을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 총 120명의 환아들 중에서 유발성 경련은 36명, 열성 경련은 84명이었고, 여러 원인들 가운데 위장관염과 호흡기계 감염이 대부분을 차지하여 두 원인 군에 따른 비교 분석을 시행하였다. 유발성 경련의 경우는 위장관염이 가장 많은 원인을 차지하였고, 열성 경련의 경우는 호흡기계 감염이 많은 원인을 차지하였으며 이러한 경미한 감염원인 인자들과 경련과의 분포 차이는 통계적으로 유의하게 나타났다. 그러나 경련에 따른 비유발성 경련으로의 이행의 차이는 통계적으로 유의하지 않은 것으로 나타나 향후 보다 장기적인 추적관찰이 시행되어져야 할 것으로 사료된다. 결 론 : 소아에서 감염에 관련된 이러한 경련의 경우는 중추 신경계에 관련된 경우보다 경련에 대한 주의와 신속한 대처가 상대적으로 미흡했다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나 앞으로는 이러한 경미한 감염이 있는 경우에도 세심한 관찰과 주의가 필요하다고 보여지며 향후 비유발성 경련 발현에 대한 지속적인 추적관찰이 필요하다고 생각된다.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2009

Purpose: Malignant melanoma is recognized as the most serious skin cancer. We examined anatomical distribution and 5 - year survival rate of each stage of malignant melanoma on lower leg. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 91 patients(46 males and 45 females) with malignant melanoma on lower leg from 1985 to 2008. Age, sex, anatomical distribution and 5 - year survival rates of each stage of malignant melanoma on lower leg were investigated. Also, 5 - year survival rates of each stage and invasion depth of malignant melanoma on heel pad were investigated. Results: On lower leg, most frequently 32 cases(35.1%) occurred on heel pad, 27 cases(29.7%) occurred on dorsum of foot, 18 cases(19.8%) in toe and 14 cases(15.4%) on others in lower leg. We used the excision margin as 3 ~ 5 cm. After wide excision, in stage III, IV, the patients underwent the immunologic / chemo - therapy. The incidences of each stage were 22 cases(24.2%) in stage I, 47(51.6%) in II, 17(18.7%) in III and 5(5.5%) in IV. The 5 - year survival rates of each stage were 85%, 53.2%, 47.1% and 40%. On heel pad, the incidences of each stage were 5 cases(15.6%) in stage I, 19 cases(59.4%) in II, 7 cases(21.9%) in III and 1 case(3.1%) in IV. The 5 - year survival rates of each stage were 80%, 63.2%, 42.9% and 100%. On heel pad, incidence of local recurrence was 2 and 5 - year survival rate of this case was 100%. And systemic recurrence was 9 and 5 - year survival rate of this case was 55.6%. Conclusion: The 5 - year survival rate of malignant melanoma on heel pad was higher than previous study. To maintain the weight - bearing function of foot, we recommend the active reconstructive surgery for heel pad reconstruction after wide excision of heel pad malignant melanoma.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권8호
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• pp.803-808
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• 1997

저자들은 1989년 8월부터 1995년 8월까지 흉부외상으로 인한 다발성 늑골골절 및 유동흉이 발생한 105례의 환자에게 Judet's strut를 이용한 늑골고정술로 치험하였다. 전체 환자중 86명이 남성, 19명이 여성이었으며 연령분포는 17세부터 77세로 평균연령은 $48\pm12였다.$ 흉부외상의 원인은 교통사고가 85명(81%)으로 가장 많았다. 평균 늑골골절의 수는 5.5개였으며 환자는 유동흉환자가 72명(64%), 이탈이 심한 다발성 늑골골절이 18명(17.1%), 외상성 흉벽기형이 10명(9.5%), 기타 5명(4.7%) 등이었다. 수술 후 1명이 사망하여 사망율 0.96%를 보였고 총 13명의 환자에서 합병증이 발생하여 12.3%의 발생율을 보였다. 수술후 인공호흡기 치료기간은 평균 $90.5\pm22.6시간,$ 동맥혈 검사상 PO2는 수술전 평균 $62.8\pm9.mmHg에서$ 수술후 평균 $113.0\pm26.3mmHg로$ 개선되었다. 수술 결과 인공호흡기 치료기간 및 입원기간의 단축, 흉부손상에 의한 합병증의 감소등 기존의 치료 방법에 비해 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 본 술식은 누구나 시행할 수 있으며, 향후 흉부손상에 의한 다발성 늑골골절 및 유동흉 환자에서 폐좌상의 정도가 전체 용적의 30% 미만의 경우 치료 \ulcorner일차적으로 고려되어질 수 있는 치료법으로 여겨진다.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2013

Recently, the isolation rate of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in clinical laboratories and the incidence of NTM infections are on the increase in Korea, but there have been only a few studies that reveal the general aspect of NTM isolation or species distribution. Therefore, this study was performed to examine the species identification by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PRA, PCR-RFLP), and the clinical significance of mycobacterial cultures. PRA was used during the novel region of the rpoB gene and was developed for rapid and precise identification of mycobacteria to the species level. From January 2012 to April 2012, we examined pre-identified nontuberculous mycobacteria (60 species in 3 hospital of Busan-Kyeongnam area). We confirmed 4 (6.6%) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and 56 (93.4%) NTM from 60 pre-identified NTM species by multiplex PCR (MolecuTech $MTB-ID^R$ V3, YD Diagnostics, Korea) and PRA (Myco-ID, YD Diagnostics, Korea). The distribution of 56 NTM species were M. intracellulare type I 15 (26.7%), M. avium 14 (25%), M. abscessus 11 (19.5%), M. kansasii type I 3 (5.4%), M. pulveris 2 (3.6%), M. intracellulare type, M. chelonae, M. kansasii type V, M. gallinarum, M. wolinskyi. Respectively, 1 (1.8%) and 6 (10.7%) species were not identified.