• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.87-94
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• 2005

Results from previous studies revealed that metal level in the body is related to certain types of diseases. For example. serum copper level with chronic heart failure, iron and transferrin in the blood serum with acute cerebral vascular diseases, Zn in the CNS, lead with neurotoxicity, hypertension, genetic damage, arsenic with cancer skin lesion, Al with neurobehavioral function (cognitive impairment and memory disorder), and etc. The rate of stroke has increased in recent years and several metals were found to be responsible for causing stroke. This study compared several blood metal concentrations between stroke and non-stroke patients. Patients with stroke (116 samples) and non-stroke (111 samples including lowback pain and others) participated in this study. Total of 227 blood samples were collected and participants completed questionnaires regarding age, gender, occupation, residence, alcohol, smoking, and etc. To be qualified into the stroke group, patients have never experienced stroke previously. Subjects only included ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage patients diagnosed by brain CT and brain MRI. Patients with high risk of metal exposure such as herbal intake and job related exposure were excluded. 10ml of blood samples were analyzed by ICP-MS method at the Center of Nature and Science at Sangji University. Metal geometric mean (SD) concentrations in blood of study subjects showed higher values, 2.64-36.12%, than WHO reference values in Mn, Ni, Hg, Se, and As. Metal concentration in blood of stroke patients non-adjusted for potential confounders was higher except for Hg and also higher except for Ni in adjusted for potential confounders. Co was significantly higher in stroke patients (p=0.002) than non-stroke patients adjusted for potential confounders. Regression coefficient values of stroke patients was 0.17-8.25 in each metals. Odd ratio of stroke patients had 0.96 (Ni)-2.68 (Co) compared to non-stroke cases. This result means that Co increase of 1 raises the risk ratio of stroke by 2.86 times. Based on the results, metal concentration in blood seems to affect incidence of stroke.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.27-39
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• 1997

This study, collaborated Gifu University, Japan, was performed to analyze chemical pollutants and microorganism and to clarify the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria and their insolubilization of heavy metal ions in leachates sampled seasonally between 1994 and 1996 from Nanjido waste landfill site, sampled 4 times between 1995 and 1996 from Pusan and Daejeon waste landfill site, and sampled 1 time between 1992 and 1994 from Hokkaido, Nagoya, Osaka and Hukuoka waste landfill site in Japan. The results were as follows: 1. The temperatures of internal leachate and leachate effluent were 40$\circ$C and 30$\circ$C, respectively, and the pH values of both leachates were about 8.0 at Nanjido waste landfill site. The concentration of SO$_4^{-2}$ gradually increased with the degree of stabilization and that of NO$_3$-N was detected in a part of sampling sites at one and half years, and in all sampling sites at 3 years after completion of landfill. 2. The organic substances in leachate of Nanjido waste landfill site decreased with the degree of stabilization and they were very fluctuated with measuring point and time. The concentration of organic substance and heavy metals in internal leachate were higher than in leachate effluent and those of Cd, Hg, and Pb were lower than detection limit except a part of samples in 1996. 3. APCs in internal leachate and leachate effluent were not much different and the minimum of APCs in internal leachate and leachate effluent were $1.0\times 10^4$/ml and $4.0\times 10^1$/ml, respectively. 4. The maximums of SRBs in Nanjido, Pusan, and Daejeon waste landfill site were 9180 MPN/ml, 24000 MPN/ml, and 348 MPN/ml, respectively and the maximum of SRBs in Japan waste landfill site was 9300 MPN/ml. 5. During 2-week-SRB culture, the values of MPN were high at 50$\circ$C for initial culture period and at 30$\circ$C for last culture period. MPN started to appear at first day and rapidly increased between 7th day and 9th day. 6. Cadmium and copper were insolubilized by SRB within 6 hr and iron and zinc were done within 48 hr. The rates of insolubilization of Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, T-Cr were 100%, 99.5%, 95.0%, 99.8%, 16.1% after 48 hr treatment with SRB, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.190-197
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• 2011

The objective of the present study was to elucidate the fundamental mechanism of bovine oviduct epithelial cell (BOEC) co-culture on developmental capacity of bovine IVM/IVF embryos and to determine whether or not melatonin acts as an antioxidant in BOEC culture and subsequent embryo development. These studies examined the effects of melatonin against NO-induced oxidative stress on cell viability, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the expression of antioxidant genes (CuZnSOD, MnSOD and Catalase) or apoptosis genes (Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and Bax) during BOECs culture. We also evaluated the developmental rates of bovine IVM/IVF embryos with BOEC co-culture, which were pre-treated with melatonin ($1,000\;{\mu}M$) in the presence or absence of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, $1,000\;{\mu}M$) for 24 h. Cell viability in BOECs treated with SNP (50-$2,000\;{\mu}M$) decreased while melatonin addition (1-$1,000\;{\mu}M$) increased viability in a dose-dependent manner. Cell viability in melatonin plus SNP ($1,000\;{\mu}M$) gradually recovered according to increasing melatonin addition (1-$1,000\;{\mu}M$). The LPO products were measured by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) reaction for malondialdehyde (MDA). Addition of melatonin in BOEC culture indicated a dose-dependent decrease of MDA, and in the SNP group among BOECs treated with SNP or melatonin plus SNP groups MDA was significantly increased compared with SNP plus melatonin groups (p<0.05). In expression of apoptosis or antioxidant genes detected by RT-PCR, Bcl-2 and antioxidant genes were detected in melatonin or melatonin plus SNP groups, while Caspase-3 and Bax genes were only found in the SNP group. When bovine IVM/IVF embryos were cultured for 6-7 days under the BOEC co-culture system pre-treated with melatonin in the presence or absence of SNP, the highest developmental ability to blastocysts was obtained in the $1,000\;{\mu}M$ melatonin group. These results suggest that melatonin has an anti-oxidative effect against NO-induced oxidative stress on cell viability of BOECs and on the developmental competence of bovine IVM/IVF embryo co-culture with BOEC.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.833-843
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of hygiene education on the microbiological changes of processing utensils and the environmental in the manufacture of cereals and to evaluate the Cd, Pb contents and nutrient compositions of 11 cereals. The result of microbiological evaluation was that fungi, coliforms and staphylococcus species were detected in employees, on equipment, utensils and environments in the first inspection. Fungi were detected in most of the cereals, staphylococcus species were detected in soybeans, perilla seeds and sea tangle How, and bacillus cereus was detected in sorghum and black sesame seeds. The water content of rice, barley, glutinous rice, brown rice and carrot flour in packaged products, and in carrot flour, angelica keiskei, carrot, sea mustard and potato in bulk products was in excess of 8.0%. The Pb content of cereals was 0.14-0.51 mg/kg and Cd was not found. The acid value of Job s tears flour and black sesame seed flour was higher than 5.0 mg/g oil. Cereals were manufactured from 41 different cereals and grains, legumes, seeds and nuts, vegetables, potatoes, seaweeds, fruits, glucose and salt. The average content of cereals and grains, legumes, and seeds and nuts in cereals was 75.75%, 16.19% and 4.93%, respectively. The mean nutrient content per 100 g of cereals was calories 365.8kcal, protein 13.3 g, fats 5.9 g, carbohydrates 63.4 g, Ca 91.8 mg, p 269.9 mg, Fe 3.15 mg, Na 76.2 g, K 421.8 mg, Zn 2.33 mg, Vit. A 12.5 R.E., Vit. B$_1$0.23 mg, Vit. $B_2$ 0.16 mg, Vit. $B_6$ 0.46 mg, Niacin 3.5 mg, Vit. C 1.36 mg, folic acid 62.3 $\mu$g and Vit. E 1.24 mg. When nutrients value of 48 g of cereals and 200 $m\ell$l of milk was compared to 1/3 of the RDA, the values were below than 60% of 1/3 of the RDA except Na, K, Vitamin $B_1$ and C contents. The average carbohydrate : protein : fat ratio of energy intake was 54.27 : 17.45 : 28.28, respectively. Therefore, a training program consisting of the education of the staff in surveillance and standard operating procedures, the elimination of dangerous procedures, sanitation checklist, the implementation of Preparation methods and standard recipes for cereals is required.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.380-384
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• 2002

This study has been carried out to investigate the composition of fatty Acids, organic acids, minerals, vitamin C, total phenolics and saponin in 30$\^{C}$ hot air dried powder of main and lateral root of Acorus calamus L. Major saturated fatty acids were identified caprylic acid, pentadecanoic acid, stearic acid and heneicosanoic acid, etc.. Content of caprylic acid in main and lateral root were 28.35% and 31.44%. Unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid, palmitoeic acid and linoleic acid was highly contented, linoleic acid was highest contented 25.55% in main root and 23.43% in lateral root. Succinic acid was the most abundant organic acid of root content of main and lateral root were 2,790 mg% and 2,630 mg%. Potassium was found to be the mon predominant mineral in root, followed by calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, in a order. Contents of potassium in main and lateral root account for 194 mg% and 454 mg%, respectively. Contents of these minerals in lateral root were higher value than that in main root. Contents of ascorbic acid and total phenolics were 113.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g and 463 mg％ in main root, 125.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g and 474 mg% in lateral root, respectively. Crude saponin content of main and lateral mot were high level amount, 2.51 ％ and 3.39 %.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.200-200
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• 2010

In recent times, metal oxide semiconductors thin films transistor (TFT), such as zinc and indium based oxide TFTs, have attracted considerable attention because of their several advantageous electrical and optical properties. There are many deposition methods for fabrication of ZnO-based materials such as chemical vapor deposition, RF/DC sputtering and pulsed laser deposition. However, these vacuum process require expensive equipment and result in high manufacturing costs. Also, the methods is difficult to fabricate various multicomponent oxide semiconductor. Recently, several groups report solution processed metal oxide TFTs for low cost and non vacuum process. In this study, we have newly developed solution-processed TFTs based on Ti-related multi-component transparent oxide, i. e., InTiO as the active layer. We propose new multicomponent oxide, Titanium indium oxide(TiInO), to fabricate the high performance TFT through the sol-gel method. We investigated the influence of relative compositions of Ti on the electrical properties. Indium nitrate hydrate [$In(NO^3).xH_2O$] and Titanium isobutoxide [$C_{16}H_{36}O_4Ti$] were dissolved in acetylacetone. Then monoethanolamine (MEA) and acetic acid ($CH_3COOH$) were added to the solution. The molar concentration of indium was kept as 0.1 mol concentration and the amount of Ti was varied according to weighting percent (0, 5, 10%). The complex solutions become clear and homogeneous after stirring for 24 hours. Heavily boron (p+) doped Si wafer with 100nm thermally grown $SiO_2$ serve as the gate and gate dielectric of the TFT, respectively. TiInO thin films were deposited using the sol-gel solution by the spin-coating method. After coating, the films annealed in a tube furnace at $500^{\circ}C$ for 1hour under oxygen ambient. The 5% Ti-doped InO TFT had a field-effect mobility $1.15cm^2/V{\cdot}S$, a threshold voltage of 4.73 V, an on/off current ratio grater than $10^7$, and a subthreshold slop of 0.49 V/dec. The 10% Ti-doped InO TFT had a field-effect mobility $1.03\;cm^2/V{\cdot}S$, a threshold voltage of 1.87 V, an on/off current ration grater than $10^7$, and a subthreshold slop of 0.67 V/dec.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1207-1213
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• 2012

Onion peels is a natural source of high-value functional ingredients produced in the onion industry without suitable processing. The objective of this study was to evaluate characteristics of onion peel extract (OPE), including its biological activities, obtained from solvent extraction in 3 times pilot scales (Lot A, B, and C). Mineral analysis showed that K was present in the largest amount (13,767.56-15,506.78 ppm), followed by Na and Ca at 8,602.44-9,796.00 ppm and 4,255.78-4,903.33 ppm, respectively. The amounts of total phenol, total flavonoid, and quercetin in the OPE were in the ranges of 598.57~626.73, 211.73~233.64, and 93.78~107.29 mg/g, respectively. The biological activities such as antioxidant and effects of fibrinolysis increased in parallel with the concentration of OPE. The $IC_{50}$ value of DPPH radical scavenging activity was in the range of 517.58~557.32 ppm in the OPE. The $IC_{50}$ value for superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was in the range of 11,900.91~12,690.35 ppm. A clear zone of OPE (20,000 ppm) in fibrinolysis test was three times higher than the plasmin as a reference. In conclusion, OPE could be used as a good source of antioxidants and fibrinolytic activities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 1988

To investigate the effects of paper sludge on the growth response of paddy rice, paper sludge was applied to pots at the rate of either 300, 600, 900 or 1,200 kg/l0a which was either preadjusted at a C/N ratio of 30 : 1 or not adjusted. The effects were compared with those of the control. 1. Plant heights, number of tillers and dry weight were significantly reduced with the increasing application of paper sludge in the early stages of rice growth, whereas opposite results were observed after the heading stage when treated with C/N ratio preadjusted paper sludge. 2. The uptake of $N,P_2O_5,K_2O$ and $SiO_2$ by rice plants grown in paper sludge treated soil was significantly reduced in the early stages of rice growth. Conversely, uptake was enhanced in the C/N ratio preadjusted plot in the young panicle formation stage. 3. Zn, Cu and Cd content in rice straw was in the range of $39{\sim}101$, $0{\sim}0.11$ and $0.03{\sim}0.14ppm$, respectively, and Pb and Cr in rice straw were not detected at all. However, there was no difference in the content of all these heavy metals in rice straw irrespective of treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.736-745
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• 2016

This research was conducted to evaluate the impact of various pre-planting $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios on the growth of plug seedlings of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage. With fixation of the pre-planting N concentrations to $300mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in a peatmoss+coir dust+perlite (3.5:3.5:3, v/v/v) medium, the $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios were varied to 0:100, 27:73, 50:50, 73:27, 100:0. Then, the each of root media containing various ratios of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ as well as equal concentrations of other essential nutrients was packed into 72-cell plug trays. After seeds of 'Bool-am No.3' Chinese cabbage were sown, the seedling growths were measured 2 and 4 weeks after sowing. The weekly analysis of root media and end-crop tissue analysis for mineral nutrients 4 weeks after seed sowing were also conducted. As the seedlings grew up, the pH of the root media increased, however ECs in all treatments of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ ratios decreased. The concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in root media were higher in the treatments of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (100:0) and $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (73:27) than those of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (0:100) and $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (27:73) 2 weeks after seed sowing. But the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg and Zn were get lowered in all treatments and the differences among treatments were not significant 4 weeks after sowing. The highest $NH_4{^+}$ and lowest $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations of the root media were observed in the $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (100:0) among all treatments. Contrary to these, the treatment of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (0:100) had the lowest $NH_4{^+}$ and highest $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations. The seedling growth in terms of fresh and dry weights of aerial part were the highest in the treatment of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (23:73) at 2 weeks after sowing and those of $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (50:50) at 4 weeks after sowing. The survival rate of seedlings in $NH_4{^+}:NO_3{^-}$ (100:0) treatment were 19% and the growth of aerial part 4 weeks after sowing was the poorest among all treatments tested. The results mentioned above indicate that the pre-planting $NH_4{^+}$ ratio in inert media should not exceed 25% in plug stage 1 through 3 (until 2 true leaf development) and 50% in plug stage 4 (after 2 true leaves to transplant).

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2005

This study was conducted to estimate the contents of heavy metals including lead, cadmium, zinc, copper as well as iron status(serum iron, total iron binding capacity, feritin etc)in blood samples of middle school students(n=300). The contents of heavy metals were determined using the GF-AAS (Graphite furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The microwave digestion method and dilution method were compared. The dilution method showed the better recovery and detection limit than microwave digestion method. The values of toxic metals in whloe blood of boys & girls were 3.46 & 3.05 for Pb,0.063 & 0.065 for Cd respectively (ug/dL). Also the values of trace metals in serum of boys & girls were 105.9 & 92.6 for Zn, 98.3 & 99.0 for Cu respectively (ug/dL). The prevalence of iron deficiency was $7.5\%$ in 146 boys and $14.3\%$ in 156 girls. The mean values of lead in girls were higher in iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia and anemia groups than normal group. The mean values of lead and zinc were higher in boys compared to those in girls(P<0.05), the mean values of cadmium and copper in boys were similar to those in girls. Our results of toxic metals such as Pb & Cd showed lower to CDC's(Centers for Disease Control) blood lead levels of concern for children, 10 ug/dL.