• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.861-871
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• 2014

This study explored applicability of natural dyeing and functional property of base paper using paper yarn and fabrics with green laver extracts. As a result of measuring dyeability and functional property of cotton, silk, and a blended fabric of cotton/mulberry, $60^{\circ}C$ and 40 minutes was the optimal dyeing condition for the cotton fabric under an alkali condition; $50^{\circ}C$ and 60 minutes for the silk fabric; $60^{\circ}C$ and 50 minutes for the blended fabric of cotton/mulberry. As a result of measuring the color fastness after dyeing cotton, silk and the blended fabric of cotton/mulberry, fastness to washing, water, rubbing, dry cleaning and light was superior. In terms of functional property, the silk and the blended fabric of cotton/mulberry were superior concerning antimicrobial properties of the fabric dyed with green laver extracts while the cotton fabric showed 90% or over. Regarding deodorization, the blended fabric of cotton/mulberry was the most superior. All the fabrics were harmless to the human body as they had heavy metal content below the standard. Considering the research results comprehensively, the green laver extracts possibly has enough applicability and functional property as a natural dyes. Moreover, it has potential to be developed new eco-friendly fashion materials.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

A gutter is generally a fixed beneath the edge of a roof to carry off rainwater, or a narrow trough that collects rainwater from the roof of a building to diverts it from the structure, typically into a drain. Reasonable designs reduce the mass of the gutters (~ 16.9%), make it faster and easier to assemble, and gives it consistent strength and integrity (about 10%). New gutter systems are presented according to the results of structural analyses performed by ANSYS and ADAMS/Durability Hot Spots. In addition, the CATIA program can improve the precision of the 3D system simulations. The design of a gutter system installations also needs to comply with the specific rainfall intensities and adequate overflow provisions needs to be provided to prevent water from sides of the roofs during heavy rainfall periods. The principle outcome of this work is a computational design tool that can be used to improve the gutter performance considering a variety of factors (gutter geometry, drainage and rainfall intensity). A good gutter design must satisfy many criteria, including durability, low cost, and ease of repair and cleaning.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 2004

The Chungung-dong 5-storied pagoda (Treasure No. 12) in the nnm, Korea was studied on the basis of petrological weathering and deterioration diagnosis. Frontal part of the pagoda is looked out on the N30$^{\circ}$W. Constitution rocks of this pagoda show augen gneiss and biotite granite. Host rock of the pagoda was highly exfoliation and discoloration, therefore most rock-forming minerals were altered to the clay minerals due to the mineralogical and chemical weathering. Open cavity and rock surface occur partly green and black patchs because of contamination by algae, lichen and moss, and the lower part of the pagoda is transition to the some weeds. This biological problems are need for cleaning and chemical treatments. For the structural stability, the pagoda is rebuilt without open gap between the each rock materials. All iron plates eliminate from the difference gap of the rock materials, and properly conservation treatments need to be repaired petro-filler for stone cultural properties and water curtain for the humidity attenuation of the ground.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.428-435
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• 2015

Constructed wetlands (CWs) have been accepted as an attractive and economic alternative to a variety of pollution control and provided potentially valuable wildlife habitat in urban and suburban areas, as well as esthetic value within the local natural environment. CWs are known eco-friendly technology to solve the problem of the climate change and urbanization issues. Numerous studies have been published on the various aspects of a CW. However, there are current limitations about the CW operations such as few design guidelines, poor performance results regarding the simple construction. Therefore, the objective of this research was to suggest an appropriate design and maintenance guidelines for a CW by thorough investigation of site monitoring results. The research also concentrated in redefining and reclassifying CWs, based on literatures made by the Ministry of Environment (MOE) and other organizations. Investigation at 43 CWs in Korea was performed by using collected data and by performing site survey from 2013 to 2014. Based on the results, the best practices among the investigated CWs provided water treatment, wildlife habitat, environmental education, and leisure. Also these CWs conducted a regular maintenance such as vegetation, sediment dredging and cleaning of facilities. Results obtained are intended for use by academics and any organizations involved in CW management.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.143-155
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• 2020

Hydrophobic Organic-Inorganic (O-I) hybrid materials prepared by sol-gel process have been widely used at functional coating fields such as coatings for anti-corrosion, anti-icing, self-cleaning, anti-reflection. The key point for fabricating hydrophobic surface is to optimize the surface energy and roughness of the coating films. There are typical processes to control the surface energy and roughness which are 'In situ fabricating', 'Pre-fluorinating/Post-roughening', 'Pre-roughening/ Post-fluorinating'. In this study, particle-binder process was used for in-situ fabrication of hydrophobic coating films. Various O-I hybrid compounds prepared using several kinds of alkoxysilane compounds were used as a binder for silica nanoparticles at particle-binder process. To study effect of fluorine content and weight ratio of particle : binder on the hydrophobicity and surface morphology, Hydrophobic coating films were prepared onto glass substrate at various content of fluorine content of O-I hybrid binder and weight ratio of particle : binder. The coating films prepared using O-I hybrid binder (GPTi-HF10) having 10 wt% of fluorine content showed the highes water contact angle (107.52±1.6°). The coating films prepared at 1:3 weight ratio of GPTi-HF10 : silica nanoparticle exhibited the highest water contact angle (130.84±1.99°).

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.119-128
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• 2002

In the present study the membrane filtration characteristics of a commercially available synthetic water-based cutting oil through two kinds of ultrafiltration membranes (HF1-45-CM50 and HF1-43-CM100) with molecular weight cut-offs of 50,000 and 100,000, respectively, have been investigated in detail. Among these membranes, the hydrophilic one (HF1-45-CM50) was found to show a satisfactory result for both the permeate flux and the permeability of oil components, whereas the permeate flux obtained with the hydrophobic membrane (HF1-43-CM100) appears to be significantly low, indicating that synthetic cutting oil was easily wetted on the hydrophobic membrane surface and induced more membrane fouling. The effect of material characteristics of the membrane on the filtration characteristics was found to be much more significant compared with the mean pore size of the membrane. Backflushing by nitrogen gas was applied to reduce the formation of a gel layer and membrane fouling. With the hydrophilic membrane, the backflushing was found to increase the permeate flux, whereas the backflushing resulted in a decrease in flux for the hydrophobic membrane. The flux recovery was observed to be highest when the membranes fouled with waste synthetic cutting oil were immersed into a cleaning solution for more than 72 hours and then backflushed by nitrogen gas.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-231
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to clarify the behavior of stranded crude oil and to estimate the restoration of seawater infiltration by application of dispersant as one of cleaning techniques. We made visualization of infiltration process of seawater and stranded crude oil on the sandy beach sediments by using of a model sandy beach. Major conclusions derived from this study are as follows. The seawater infiltration volume was reduced by the stranded crude oil. However, thirty percentage of the sweater infiltration into the sediments was restored by dispersant application to the penetrated oil in sandy beach. The penetration depth of stranded oil were dropped at first falling tide, but were not significantly fluctuated after that. Moreover, oil concentration was most high within the upper 2 cm. The stranded crude oil was broken into small size droplets and dispersed into the sediments by the dispersant application. Therefore, dispersant applications play an important roles in the large increase of surface area of given volume of oil, and it resulted in promoting to biological degradation process at the oil/water interface, dispersing the stranded oil into the water column and restoration of the supplement of the dissolved oxygen and nutrients to the benthic organisms.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.423-431
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• 1975

The purpose of this investigation was to study whether limewater can be used as dairy detergent-sanitizer for dairy farm euipment compared with idophore in the milking machine. 1. Milkstone deposition was increased slightly by idophore and limewater pre-rinse but seriously increased by milking without pre-rinse for 6 days milking. 2. Milkstone deposition was increased by increasing temperature of pre-rinse sanitizer solutions. 3. Limewater rinse was more effective than idophore rinse and tap water rinse in removing butterfat. 4. Idophore and limewater rinse was more effective than tap water rinse in removing milk solid. 5. Both of idophore and limewater were found to be significantly effective for milk bactericidal. 6. It was conclused that good hygienic raw milk can be producesed from dairy farm by idophore and limewater per-rinse.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.83-96
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• 2017

A constructed sea stream in Yeongdo, Busan, Republic of Korea is mostly static due to the lifted stream bed and tidal characters, and receives domestic wastewater nearby, causing a consistent odor production and water quality degradation. Bioaugmentation of a microbial consortium was proposed as an effective and economical restoration technology to restore the polluted stream. The microbial consortium activated on site was augmented on a periodic basis (7~10 days) into the most polluted site (Site 2) which was chosen considering the pollution level and tidal movement. Physicochemical parameters of water qualities were monitored including pH, temperature, DO, ORP, SS, COD, T-N, and T-P. COD and microbial community analyses of the sediments were also performed. A significant reduction in SS, COD, T-N, and COD (sediment) at Site 2 occurred showing their removal rates 51%, 58% and 27% and 35%, respectively, in 13 months while T-P increased by 47%. In most of the test sites, population densities of sulfate reducing bacterial (SRB) groups (Desulfobacteraceae_uc_s, Desulfobacterales_uc_s, Desulfuromonadaceae_uc_s, Desulfuromonas_g1_uc, and Desulfobacter postgatei) and Anaerolinaeles was observed to generally decrease after the bioaugmentation while those of Gamma-proteobacteria (NOR5-6B_s and NOR5-6A_s), Bacteroidales_uc_s, and Flavobacteriales_uc_s appeared to generally increase. Aerobic microbial communities (Flavobacteriaceae_uc_s) were dominant in St. 4 that showed the highest level of DO and least level of COD. These microbial communities could be used as an indicator organism to monitor the restoration process. The alpha diversity indices (OTUs, Chao1, and Shannon) of microbial communities generally decreased after the augmentation. Fast uniFrac analysis of all the samples of different sites and dates showed that there was a similarity in the microbial community structures regardless of samples as the augmentation advanced in comparison with before- and early bioaugmentation event, indicating occurrence of changing of the indigenous microbial community structures. It was concluded that the bioaugmentation could improve the polluted water quality and simultaneously change the microbial community structures via their niche changes. This in situ remediation technology will contribute to an eco-friendly and economically cleaning up of polluted streams of brine water and freshwater.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.506-512
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• 2018

The fine dust generated in the home and restaurant business occupies a low ratio of about 4% of the total fine dust emissions. However, at the foodservice business, the rate of change of the pollutant concentration is very high, so that the temporary fine dust concentration can be measured up to 60 times. The pollutants generated from non-industrial combustion plants consist of particulate fine dust and gaseous organic compounds. To remove these pollutants, cleaning dust collection system, which is an effective system for simultaneous removal of gaseous and particulate matter, is applied. This is a method of increasing the probability of diffusion capture of the Brownian motion by pressurized liquid injection method using the atomizing nozzle. The dust removal efficiency of the fine dust collecting system was analyzed by nozzle spraying air pressure condition and angle using the manufactured fine dust removing system. As a result, it was confirmed that the efficiency of removal of fine dust and gaseous organic compounds was more than 90%. The developed system is expected to be highly usable in the future because it can remove particulate dust from the existing plant hood system without any installation cost.