• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.29-44
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Gentianae Radix on neurogenesis and apoptosis in ethanol- induced newborn rats hippocampus dentate gyrus. Methods : In vivo, laboratory animals were divided into three groups; Normal group(N), Control group(C) and Treated group (TG)(n=7 for each group). N were treated saline daily for five days. C were treated 1.5 g/kg ethanol and saline daily for five days. TG were treated 1.5 g/kg ethanol and 300 mg/kg Gentianae Radix daily for five days. BrdU(5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) assay was used to test neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. And TUNEL(Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay was used to test apoptosis in the dentate gyrus. Three groups were measured body weight, serum ethanol concentration, BrdU-positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. In vitro, MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to test viability in SK-N-MC cells. BrdU assay was used to test neurogenesis in SK-N-MC cells. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 enzyme activity assay were used to test apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. And treated ethanol and Gentianae Radix of all in vitro tests were made various concentration. Results : In vivo, Gentianae Radix modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in newborn rats hippocampus dentate gyrus. In vitro, TG 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ have significantly modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. And only TG 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ have significantly protected SK-N-MC cells from ethanol-induced cytotoxicity. Conclusions : Gentianae Radix may have the effect that modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.1089-1094
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• 2004

Diseases in the gastro-intestinal track are on an increasing trend. In order to diagnose a patient, the various signals of the digestive organ, such as temperature, pH, and pressure, can offer the helpful information. Among the above mentioned signals, we choose the pressure variation as a monitoring signal. The variation of a pressure signal of the gastro-intestinal track can offer the information of a digestive trouble or some clues of the diseases. In this paper, a pressure monitoring system for the digestive organs of a living pig is presented. This system concept is to transmit the measured biomedical signals from a transmitter in a living pig to wireless receiver that is positioned out of body. The integrated solution includes the following parts: (1) the swallow type pressure capsule, (2) the receiving set consisting of a receiver, decoder box, and PC. The merit of the proposed system if that the monitoring system can supply the precise and repeatable pressure in the gastro-intestinal track. In addition, the design of low power consumption enables it to keep sending reliable signals while the pressure capsule is working in the digestive organ. The subject of the study for the pressure monitoring system is in-vivo experiments for a living pig. We achieved the pressure tracings in digestive organs and verified the validity of system after several in-vivo tests using pressure monitoring system. As a result, we found each organ has its own characterized pressure fluctuation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1994

This study was aimed to find out the comparative effects between non-irradiated, and 5kGy-10kGy of gamma-irradiated Panax Ginseng Radix powder on the genotoxicity for identification of possibility of DNA damage causing cancer. Four different short-term mutagenicity tests were used: (1) Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames test) (2) Chromosome aberration test in cultured Chinese hamster lung (CHL) fibroblast cells. (3) Micronucleus test in ddY mouse (4) Somatic mutation and recombination test in the wing cells of Drosophila melanogaster.Gamma-irradiated Panax Ginseng Radix powder revealed negative results in these four mutagenicity tests. This means gamma-irradiated ginseng could be safe on the genotoxic point of view.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.267-275
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• 2003

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the toxicity of the thimerosal in embryos and neonates. Thimerosal (also known as mercurothiolate) is a mercury-containing compound used in trace amounts to prevent bacteria and other organisms from contaminating vaccines, especially in opened multi-dose vials. The toxicity of mercury is well known and those most at risk occurrs in unborn babies and newborn babies. Test methods included in vitro whole embryo culture (WEC) system and in vivo test of neonatal toxicity in Wistar rats. Ethylmercury and methylmercury were used as positive controls for the evaluating of toxic effects of mercury. In WEC assay, treated concentrations of thimerosal, ethylmercury and methylmercury were up to 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$, respectively. All compounds didn't show any morphological abnormalities, but showed retardation of growth and development in dose dependent manner (> 0.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$). These data indicated that thimerosal showed developmental toxicity in vitro. In vivo neonatal toxicity, Wistar rats were administered subcutaneously with thimerosal, ethyl mercury, or methylmercury (5, 25, 50, 250, and 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg) during from postnatal day (PND) 4 to 25. Significant effects of these compounds on relative organ weights and organ morphology were not observed in this experiment. However, accumulation of mercury was detected in the kidney and testis when treated with thimerosal, ethylmercury, or methylmercury. These results suggest that thimerosal may be a harmful compound to embryo and neonate, but used concentration of thimerosal in these experiments is much higher than that of clinical application. Further investigation is needed on the safety of vaccine components, i.e. a thimerosal using in vitro and in vivo tests in the future.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.420-427
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• 2011

The use of lactic-acid bacteria (LAB) is effective for preventing and curing immune disorders by activating the immune system in the digestive tract and the consequent immune response in the blood. In this study, LAB and mixed LABs were used in an atopic dermatitis (AD) mouse model. Alleviation of AD was observed based on the change in cytokine level and immunohistochemical staining. An ex vivo test showed that immunoglobulin-E and interleukin (IL)-4 levels were significantly lower in all groups treated with LAB than in the group treated with only 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. Results of an in vivo test based on the ex vivo results showed that the scratch score decreased in all groups treated with the LAB and particularly decreased in the group treated with mixed LABs. Additionally, the T helper (Th) 1 cytokines interferon-gamma and IL-12p40 were upregulated by the LAB and mixed-LABs, whereas levels of the Th2 cytokine IL-4 were downregulated in a mouse model of AD-like skin lesions. Furthermore, hematoxylin & eosin and immunohistochemical staining of the dorsal area of the mice in each group showed that AD improved in the LAB-treated groups. These results suggest that LAB and mixed LABs inhibit the development of AD in NC/Nga mice by suppressing the Th2 cell response and increasing the Th1 cell response. Our results indicate that mixed LABs are better than LAB for treating AD-like skin lesions.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.171-184
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• 2002

The present study was undertaken to develop the in vitro sunprotection factor(SPF) measurement method having good correlation with in vivo method. As in vitro method, 8% homomentyl salicylate, P3 reference standard and sunscreens on market were measured using SPF 290 analyzer and were compared the SPF with labed value. In vitro SPF of 8% HMS and P3 reference standard were 4.59 $\pm$ 0.12 and 14.94 $\pm$ 0.83. There are good correlation, correlation factor were 0.9506 and 0.9769 respectively, between the in vitro and in vivo SPF for the sunscreen creams and lotions examined. Correlation factors of makeup base & liquid goundation, lotion labled with “shake before use”, compact powder were 0.8812, 0.8632 and 0.5984. The best sample applied method of compact powder was 1:0.8 mixture with cream base. These results suggest that the in vitro test method could be used as an alternative method for SPF.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.13-29
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• 2020

Objectives This study was performed to decide the bone union effect of Hwaweo-jeon on tibia fractured mice. Methods In this study, laboratory experiments were implemented by the stage of in vitro and in vivo. In in vitro, MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with various concentration of Hwaweo-jeon extract (HWJ). To investigate effect of HWJ for osteoblast, relative mRNA expression of 5 substances (alkaline phosphatase [ALP], runt-related transcription factor 2 [Runx2], osteocalcin [OCN], osterix [OSX] and collagen type II alpha 1 chain [Col2a1]) was used as a marker of osteogenesis. In order to determine HWJ's effect for fracture healing, relative gene expression level of ALP, Runx2, OCN, OSX and Col2a1 were used to find out the influence to osteoblast. Furthermore, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand and osteoprotegerin relative mRNA expression were used to estimate the impact to osteoclast. Also, X-ray was used for the purpose of identifying bone union in tibia-fracture mouse model. Results In in vitro experiment, most part of relative mRNA expression were increased compared to control group. In in vivo and in vitro experiment, HWJ induced osteoblast activitation by verifying relative mRNA expression of 5 substances. And in vivo experiment, we can also identify that HWJ triggered osteoclast activation during early stage of tibia fracture. Furthermore, X-ray pictures show noticeable recovery of tibia fracture. Conclusions HWJ extract promotes bone union by facilitating the osteoblast. But, HWJ may occur liver & kidney toxicity over specific concentration. Therefore, when HWJ is applied to human body, doctors have to follow up the liver function test & renal function test of patient.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2006

The cardiovascular drug nifedipine exhibited significant in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity against 331 strains of bacteria belonging to three Gram-positive and twelve Gram-negative genera. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the drug, as determined both by agar and broth dilution methods, was seen to range from $25\;-\;200\;{\mu}g/ml$ against most test bacteria, including several pathogenic ones, in the in vitro studies. Nifedipine was bacteriostatic in action. in vivo studies with this drug showed that it could offer statistically significant protection (P < 0.001) to mice challenged with a virulent bacterium. Therefore, nifedipine has the potential of an antibacterial agent, which may be developed after further pharmacological studies.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyze in vitro and in vivo activities of LCB01-0183, a new oxazolidinone, against clinical isolates of bacteria. In vitro antibacterial activity of LCB01-0183 was tested by the two fold agar dilution method. In vivo activity of LCB01-0183 was determined against systemic infections in mice. LCB01-0183 showed most potent activity among the test compounds against clinical isolates of Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the protective activity of LCB01-0183 was very effective against systemic infections in mice by oral or subcutaneous administration. In time kill study, LCB01-0183 showed a bacteriostatic activity during 24 hours. LCB01-0183 had potent in vitro and in vivo activity against Gram-positive bacteria including drug-resistant strains.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.273-278
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• 2000

Several topical preparations containing lidocaine, a widely used local anesthetic agent, have been developed and marketed recently for the treatment of premature ejaculation. In this study, microemulsion(ME)-based hydrogels containing lidocaine were prepared by dispersing ME to hydrogel bases such as Carbopol, sod. alginate, and sod. carboxymethylcellulose. Lidocaine-containing ME was thermodynamically stable over 6 months and had a diameter ranging from 10 to 100 nm. In vitro skin penetration of lidocaine from ME-based hydrogels followed apparent zero-order kinetics. ME-based hydrogel showed higher drug penetration during fifteen minutes after application than alcoholic hydrogel, reference preparation. Tail flick test in rat was introduced to compare in vivo local anesthetic effects of different hydrogels, and the results showed that ME-based hydrogels are superior to other hydrogels. In optical microscopy, recrystallization of lidocaine was observed within 5 min after application of reference hydrogel, but there was no change in ME-based hydrogels even after 30 minnute. These results indicated that ME-based hydrogels had some advantages in skin penetration, anesthetic effect and physical stability compared with alcoholic hydrogels. Finally it is possible to conclude that ME-based hydrogels containing lidocaine is a good topical drug delivery system for the treatment of premature ejaculation.