• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.662-671
• /
• 2015

As the type of Hazardous and Noxious Substances(HNS) becomes various and the transport volume of HNS increases, HNS spill incidents occur frequently on land and the sea. In view of various damages to human lives and properties by HNS spills, it is necessary to educate and train professional personnel in preparation for and response to potential HNS spills. This study shows the current state of response systems and education courses against HNS spill incidents on land and the sea to compare those with each other between land and sea in Korea. Incident command system on land are basically similar to that at sea, but leading authority which is responsible for combating HNS spills at sea is changeable depending on the location of HNS spill, as it were, Korea Coast Guard(KCG) is responsible for urgent response to HNS spill at sea, while municipalities are responsible for the response to HNS drifted ashore. Education courses for HNS responders on land are established at National Fire Service Academy(NFSA), National Institute of Chemical Safety(NICS), etc., and are diverse. Education and training courses for HNS responder at sea are established at Korea Coast Guard Academy(KCGA) and Marine Environment Research & Training Institute(MERTI), and are comparatively simple. Education courses for dangerous cargo handlers who work in port where land is linked to the sea are established at Korea Maritime Dangerous Goods Inspection & Research Institute(KOMDI), Korea Port Training Institute(KPTI) and Korea Institute of Maritime and Fisheries Technology(KIMFT). Through the comparison of education courses for HNS responders between land and sea, some recommendations such as extension of education targets, division of an existing integrated HNS course into two courses composed of operational level and manager level with respective refresh course, on-line cyber course and joint inter-educational institute course in cooperation with other relevant institutes are proposed for the improvement in education courses of KCG and KOEM(Korea Marine Environment Management Corporation) to educate and train professionals for combating HNS spills at sea in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.160-173
• /
• 2012

Roofing tile research conducted in Korea so far is mostly related to studies on roofing tile patterns excavation report on the roof tile klin site in the aspects of archeology architecture and history of art. There have been continuous studies on kiln ground and manufacture techniques of roofing tiles. However it is difficult to find roofing tiles research based on scientific experiments. The research on this paper performs physical and chemical experimental study to understand order, manufacturing techniques and other characteristics of Chosun Dynasty roofing tiles excavated in Dongdaemun stadium. As for physical experimental study water absorption, specific gravity, whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate and Differential Thermal Analysis are conducted. As for chemical experimental study, neutron activation analysis(NAA), microstructure observation, X-ray diffractometry(XRD) analysis are conducted. Result of neutron activation analysis and statistical analysis on piece of roof tile 22 samples clearly show that the roofing tile samples are from different time line and places. It also shows different composition when compare average value of rare earth resources per findspots. It means roofing tiles were manufactured from clay mineral from several places. Close inspection using XRD and polarization microscope reveals that main components of roofing tiles are quartz and felspar. Mica and Illite are found partially. XRD analysis shows mullite mineral composition which occurs when roofing tile is calcined around $1000^{\circ}C$. Differential thermal analysis shows gradual exothermic peak near $900^{\circ}C$. Based on these results, it is assumed that roofing tile is made at $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$. result of XRD analysis shows mullite were made near $1000^{\circ}C$. in Differential Thermal Analysis shows gradual exothermic peak near $900^{\circ}C$. this results shows that roof tiles were made near 900~1000 near $1000^{\circ}C$ mean value of whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate. When performed comparative analysis using whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate average value, findspots provided no certain classification to arrange. Nonetheless low whole-rock Magnetic susceptibility rate 0.2~0.78(${\times}103$ SI unit) is found when roofing tile patterns are Pasangmun, Taesangmun, Eosangmun, Kyukjamun, Heongsunmun. Overall absorptivity is 14~21%. It is similar to 14~18% of roofing tile from Chosun Dynasty. There is only 1.4~2.5g/cm3 of roof tile sample specific gravity. The analysis finds no difference in specific gravity by findspots.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.27 no.4 s.63
• /
• pp.643-659
• /
• 1997

For the total treatment of skeletal malocclusions, 3-dimensional evaluation and diagnosis are essential. Although anteroposterior discrepancies can be evaluated through various methods, the satisfactory methods for evaluations of facial asymmetry and transverse discrepancies are yet to be found. The adequate diagnosis and treatment of transverse discrepancies may be more important in the maintenance of functional occlusion as well as for the stability of results obtained from orthognathic surgery than the anteroposterior or vertical discrepancies. Since the soft tissue effects from the transverse discrepancies may not be pronounced, especially when combined with anteroposterior or vertical discrepancies which have prominent characteristics, the differentiation of their effects may be difficult from visual inspection alone. Therefore it is essential that the normal facial proportions would be established from the posteroanterior cephalometry as a reference for the accurate diagnosis and treatment. The present study evaluates 76 subjects from Yonsei University freshmen with normal facial symmetry and occlusion. Posteroanterior cephalograms were taken from the subjects and the normal values and facial proportions are obtained. The results are as follows. 1. The transverse and vortical values from posteroanterior cephalometry and their ratio, with means and standard deviations are calculated. 2. The ratio of vertical values to transverse values is 0.837 (male 0.836, female 0.841). 3. The Proportion of maxillary and mandibular widths is 0.747 (male 0.745, female 0.752), with statistically significant correlation. 4. Various degree of significant correlations are observed in the following craniofacial widths; (Cranial width, Bizygomaticofrontal suture width, Facial width, Maxillary width, Upper & Lower Intermolar width, Mandibular width). 5. Although the facial height as well as other line measurements increase as the facial widths increase, angle measurement ($Bj\ddot{o}rk$ Sum, Mandibular Plane Angle, Gonial Angle), decreases and posterior to anterior facial height ratio increases, therefore indicating the tendency for a brachycephalic facial type. These results may be used as references for the treatment planning in orthognathic and orthodontic treatments for the dentofacial deformity patients.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.466-472
• /
• 2007

A technology platform for wafer-level three-dimensional integration circuits (3D-ICs) is presented, and that uses wafer bonding with low-k polymeric adhesives and Cu damascene inter-wafer interconnects. In this work, one of such technical platforms is explained and characterized using a test vehicle of inter-wafer 3D via-chain structures. Electrical and mechanical characterizations of the structure are performed using continuously connected 3D via-chains. Evaluation results of the wafer bonding, which is a necessary process for stacking the wafers and uses low-k dielectrics as polymeric adhesive, are also presented through the wafer bonding between a glass wafer and a silicon wafer. After wafer bonding, three evaluations are conducted; (1) the fraction of bonded area is measured through the optical inspection, (2) the qualitative bond strength test to inspect the separation of the bonded wafers is taken by a razor blade, and (3) the quantitative bond strength is measured by a four point bending. To date, benzocyclobutene (BCB), $Flare^{TM}$, methylsilsesquioxane (MSSQ) and parylene-N were considered as bonding adhesives. Of the candidates, BCB and $Flare^{TM}$ were determined as adhesives after screening tests. By comparing BCB and $Flare^{TM}$, it was deduced that BCB is better as a baseline adhesive. It was because although wafer pairs bonded using $Flare^{TM}$ has a higher bond strength than those using BCB, wafer pairs bonded using BCB is still higher than that at the interface between Cu and porous low-k interlevel dielectrics (ILD), indicating almost 100% of bonded area routinely.