• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.634-644
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• 1995

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the color differences in the In-Ceram according to coping thickness and various abutment core materials ; amalgam, precious alloy, composite resin, non-precious alloy. After the porcelain was built up on the In-Ceram coping at the thicknes of 0.3mm and 0.5mm then it was cemented with glass ionomer cement to the post & core materials. The following results were obtained. 1. There were significant differences in the $L^*$ values $a^*$ and $b^*$ values in the cementation of different cores, to the In-Ceram(P<0.01). $L^*$ values were not significantly different between the composite resin to the In-Ceram and the $a^*\;b^*$ values were not significantly different between the amalgam and the non-precious alloy. 2. All of cementations of In-Ceram to the core materisal had color difference(${\Delta}E^*ab$) compared to the In-Ceram. In the 0.3mm thickness of the In-Ceram copping non-precious alloy indicated the greatest value, while the composite resin core showed the lowest value with a thickness of 0.5mm In-Ceram copping. 3. By controlloing the In-Ceram coping thickness $L^*$ value was significatly different(P<0.01), but not in $a^*$ and $b^*$ values. 4. In an amalgam, precious & non-prcious alloys there was a 1,74 to 3.06 range color difference in the controlled thickness of In-Ceram coping at the thickness of 0.3mm and 0.5mm. The above results suggest that the requirement of the sufficient thickness of In-Ceram coping and the suitable core material in order to get an estheti restoration by In-Ceram and also to intercept the original core color.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture strength between the core and veneering ceramic according to 2 core materials, In-Ceram Alumina and In-Ceram Zirconia, fabricated by electro ceramic layering technique. 2 different fixed partial denture cores of three units were veneered by veneering ceramic(Ceranion, Noritake) (n=10). Methods: The fracture strengths between the core and veneering ceramic were measured through the 3 point bending test. The interfaces between the core and veneering ceramic were observed with the X-ray dot mapping of EPMA. Results: The result of fracture strength was observed that IZP group, In-Ceram Zirconia core, had higher fracture strength. IPA group, In-Ceram Alumina core, had fracture strength of 359.9(${\pm}$86.2) N. IZP group, In-Ceram Zirconia core, had fracture strength of 823.2(${\pm}$243.0) N. X-ray dot mapping observation showed that a major element in the core and veneering ceramic of IPA group was alumina and silica, respectively. No binder was observed in interfaces between the core and veneering ceramic, and no ion diffusion or transition was observed between the core and veneering ceramic. However, apparent ion diffusion or transition was observed between the core and veneering ceramic of IZP group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.704-723
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• 2000

This study was undertaken to evaluate the tensile bond strength of In-Ceram alumina core treat-ed by ion assisted reaction(IAR). Ion assisted reaction is a prospective surface modification technique without damage by a keV low energy ion beam irradiation in reactive gas environments or reactive ion itself. 120 In-Ceram specimens were fabricated according to manufacturer's directions and divided into six groups by surface treatment methods of In-Ceram alumina core. SD group(control group): sandblasting SL group: sandblasting + silane treatment SC group: sandblasting + Siloc treatment IAR I group: sandblasting + Ion assisted reaction with argon ion and oxygen gas IAR II group: sandblasting + Ion assisted reaction with oxygen ion and oxygen gas IAR III group: sandblasting + Ion assisted reaction with oxygen ion only For measuring of tensile bond strength, pairs of specimens within a group were bonded with Panavia 21 resin cement using special device secured that the film thickness was $80{\mu}m$. The results of tensile strength were statistically analyzed with the SPSS release version 8.0 programs. Physical change like surface roughness of In-Ceram alumina core treated by ion assistad reaction was evaluated by Contact Angle Measurement, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy; chemical surface change was evaluated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. The results as follows: 1. In tensile bond strength, there were no statistically significant differences with SC group, IAR groups and SL group except control group(P<0.05). 2. Contact angle measurement showed that wettability of In-Ceram alumina core was enhanced after IAR treatment. 3. SEM and AFM showed that surface roughness of In-Ceram alumina core was not changed after IAR treatment. 4. XPS showed that IAR treatment of In-Ceram alumina core was enabled to create a new functional layer. A keV IAR treatment of In-Ceram alumina core could enhanced tensile bond strength with resin cement. In the future, this ion assisted reaction may be used effectively in various dental materials as well as in In-Ceram to promote the bond strength to natural tooth structure.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.34 no.10 s.329
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• pp.733-741
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• 1996

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.189-202
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• 2002

A study on reflective spectrum between In-Ceram alumina plate(IAP) and IPS empress 2 plate were carried out in order to determine the difference of reflective spectrum rates between materials and between thicknesses of materials(0.8mm, 1.0mm, 1.2mm) by visible wave. The rates are measured by spectrophotometer(Top scan model TC-1800). And an analysis of ANOVA and paired sample t-test were carried out. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The reflective rates of IAP and IPS increased slowly as visible wave spectrum increased. 2. The difference of reflective rates of IAP between 0.8mm and 1.0mm is significant but a little(less than 1%). The differences of reflective rates of IAP between 0.8mm and l.2mm and between 1.0mm and l.2mm are significant(8%, 10% ). 3. The differences of reflective rates of IPS between 0.8mm and 1.0mm and between 0.8mm and 1.2mm and between 1.0mm and 1.2mm are significant(0.06 %, 0.01 %, 2 %). 4. The differences of reflective rates of 0.8mm, 1.0mm between IAP and IPS are significant but a little(less than 0.9%, 0.5%). The difference of reflective rates of l.2mm between IAP and IPS is significant and larger than the other thicknesses relatively(7 %).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.129-146
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• 2000

An increasing demand for esthetic restorations has led to the development of new ceramic systems. In-Ceram, a glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic has three to few times greater flexural strength than other ceramic glass material. Because of its high strength, In-Ceram has been suggested as inlay, crown, laminate veneer and core material for resin bonded fixed partial dentures. This clinical application requires a stable resin bond to In-Ceram core. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength between In-Ceram core and resin cements according to various surface treatments and storage conditions. The surface of each In-Ceram core sample was subjected to one of the following treatments and then bonded to Panavia 21 or Variolink II resin cement. ; (1) sandblasting with $110{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide powder, (2) sandblasting and silanization, (3) sandblasting and Siloc treatment, (4) sandblasting and Targis link application. Each of eight bonding groups was tested in shear bond strengths after the following storage times and thermocycling. ; A) 24 hours storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$, B) 5 weeks storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ C) 5 weeks storage in distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ and thermocycled 2,000 thormocycling for every 10 days(totally 10,000 thermocycting) in $5^{\circ}C-55^{\circ}C$ bath. The bond failure modes were observed with scanning electron microscope(SEM). The results were as fellows : 1 The shear bond strengths of sandblasting group were significantly lesser than the other groups after 24 hours water storage. No significant difference of bonding strengths was found between storage time conditions(24 hours and 5 weeks). The shear bond strengths showed a tendency to decrease in Variolink II bonding groups and to increase in Panavia 21 bonding groups. 3. After thermocycling, the shear bond strengths of all groups were significantly decreased(p<0.01) and Targis link group exhibited significantly greater strengths than the other groups(p<0.05). 4. Panavia 21 bonding groups exhibited significantly greater bonding strengths in sandblasting group(p<0.01) and silane group(p<0.05) than Variolink II bonding groups. 5. In observation of bond failure modes, Targis link group showed cohesive failure in resin part and silane group and Siloc group showed complex failure and sandblasting group showed adhesive failure between In-Ceram and resin.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.221-243
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to characterize the mechanical properties of $Y_{2}O_{3}$-containing glass infiltrated ceramic core material, which was made by pressureless powder packing method. A pure alumina powder with a grain size of about $4{\mu}m$ was packed without pressure is silicon mold to form a bar shaped sample, and applied PVA solution as a binder. Samples were sinterd at $1350^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. After cooling, $Y_{2}O_{3}$-containing glass($SiO_{2},\;Y_{2}O_{3},\;B_{2}O_{3},\;Al_{2}O_{3}$, ect) was infiltrated to the sinterd samples at $1300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours and cooled. Six different proportions $Y_{2}O_{3}$ of were used to know the effect of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between alumina powder and glass. The samples were ground to $3{\times}3{\times}30$ mm size and polished with $1{\mu}m$ diamond paste. Flexural strength, fracture toughness, hardness and other physical properties were obtained, and the fractured surface was examined with SEM and EPMA. Ten samples of each group were tested and compared with In-Ceram(tm) core materials of same size made in dental laboratory. The results were as follows : 1. The flexural strengths of group 1 and 3 were significantly not different with that of In-Ceram, but other experimental groups were lower than In-Ceram. 2. The shrinkage rate of samples was 0.42% after first firing, and 0.45% after glass infiltration. Total shrinkage rate was 0.87%. 3. After first firing, porosity rate of experimental groups was 50%, compared with 22.25% of In-Ceram. After glass infiltration, porosity rate of experimental groups was 2%, and 1% in In-Ceram. 4. There was no statistical difference in hardness between two materials tested, but in fracture toughness, group 2 and 3 were higher than In-Ceram. 5. The thermal expansion coefficients of experimental groups were varied to $4.51-5.35{\times}10^{-6}/^{\circ}C$ according to glass composition, also the flexural strengths of samples were varied. 6. In a view of SEM, many microparticles about $0.5{\mu}m$ diameter and $4{\mu}m$ diameter were observed in In-Ceram. But in experimental group, the size of most particles was about $4{\mu}m$, and a little microparticles was observed. The results obtained in this study showed that the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between alumina powder and infiltrated glass affect the flexural strength of alumin/glass composite. The $Y_{2}O_{3}$-containing glass infiltrated ceramic core made by powder packing method will takes less time and cost with sufficient flexural strength similar to all ceramic crown made with slip casting technique.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.544-556
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• 1997

All ceramic restorations except In-Ceram Alumina system gave a good esthetics and an exellent marginal fidelity. The flexural strength of them had about 150MPa, so the indication is only single crown. By using In-ceram Alumina System(450Mpa), it is thought to be possible to construct bridge for its high flexural strength. But the prognosis is unclear, The purposes of this study are to clear short term prognosis of In-Ceram bridge restorations, to elucidate its clinical significance. Among 22 In-Ceram Bridge restored in our department, 11 In-Ceram bridges with follow up were used. The period of placement is from 1 to 18 months. The results were as follows : 1. Among follow up 11 bridges, 2 bridges were fractured. One is 4 unit in maxillary lateral incisors, the other is 3 unit bridge in maxillary canine and premolar. Including 11 bridge without follow up, failure rate is very low(2/22). 2. The fracture sites are connector areas between abutment and pontic. To maintain In-Ceram bridge for long term period, it is needed to remove the nonphysiologic occlusal force and to have sufficient thickness of alumina core. For estabilishing clinical use of In-Ceram bridges, it is thought to need clinical research during long term period.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.756-766
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• 1999

This study was performed to evaluate effect on color and opacity of 3 different copy-milled In-Ceram cores by glass infiltration and porcelain veneering. Color was evaluated by the $CIEL^*a^*b^*$ readings were recorded with a Colorimeter, Color difference value(${\Delta}E^*_{ab}$) was calculated and opacity was represented by the contrast ratio. The variance of each color parameter ($L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$), color difference value, and opacity change after glass-infiltrated and after veneered with porcelain was compared. Three experimental groups were fabricated as follows. Group 1 (Alumina core) 15 Alumina blanks was infiltrated with originally marketed glass (A1) and veneered with porcelain(A1) Group 2 (modified Alumina core) : 15 Alumina blanks was infiltrated with its associated glass(S11) and veneered with porcelain(A1) Group 3 (Spinell core) : 15 Spinell blanks was infiltrated with originally developed glass(S11) and veneered with porcelain(A1). The results were as follows: 1. After glass infiltration, $L^*$ value showed decrease, $a^*$ value showed decrease only group 1(p<0.001) and $b^*$ value showed increase on group 1, increase on group 2, 3(p<0.001). 2. After porcelain veneering, $L^*$ value showed decrease(p<0.001), $a^*$ value showed increase on group 1, decrease on group 2(p<0.05) and $b^*$ value showed decrease on group 1, increase on group 2, 3 (p<0.001). 3. ${\Delta}E^*_{ab}$ between before and after glass infiltration was more than 13.77, and between after glass infiltration and after porcelain veneering more than 19.63. 4. After glass infiltration and porcelain veneering, Alumina showed the lowest $L^*,\;a^*$ value and highest $b^*$ value among 3 different groups (p<0.05). ${\Delta}E^*_{ab}$ between group 1-2, 1-3 was higher than that of group 2-3. 5. After glass infiltration, opacity showed decrease, Group 1 had the highest opacity(p<0.05), but no significant differences between group 2 and 3. Above results suggest that glass infiltration and porcelain veneering effects on color and opacity of In-Ceram core, and that modified In-Ceram Alumina uses single crowns or bridges like In-Ceram Spinell.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.693-704
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• 1995

This study was performed to evaluate effective surface conditioning method of In-Ceram core to improve bonding with resin cement. The surface of each sample was avraded with glass bead for 20 seconds and then subjected to one of the following conditions : no modification, sandblasting with $50{\mu}m$ slumimum oxide powders for 20 seconds, etching with 20% hydrofluoric acid for 5, 10, and 15 minutes(half of the etched samples were coated with silane), and sandblasting with $250{\mu}m$ aluminum oxide powders and silica coating whith Silicoater MD system(Kulzer, Germany). The surface morphology changes were examined with scanning electronic microscope(SEM. and the shear bond strength of In-Ceram core samples to resin cement(Panavis 21, Kurayay, Japan) were measured. It was concluded that : 1. By SEM observation, 20% HF acid etching did not create clear microretentive structure and surface roughness diminished with increace in etching time. Sandblasting was more effective than 20% hydrofluoric acid etching in producing microretentive structure. 2. The bond strengths of all In-Ceram core samples surface conditioned were increased that that of control group. 3. Silica coating showed higher bond strength than etching with 20% hydrofluoric acid. 4. The use of silane coating was more effective in improving bond strength than lengthening etching time.