• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2014

Bacteria play an important role in biogeochemical cycles in marine environments and their functional attributes in ecosystems depend primarily on species composition. In this study, seasonal variation of bacterial diversity was investigated by pyrosequencing of 16S rDNA in surface sediment and overlying seawater collected in the south East Sea, planned for the site of $CO_2$ sequestration by the carbon capture and storage (CCS) project. Gammaproteobacteria was dominant in the sediment in most seasons, whereas Alphaproteobacteria was a most dominant group in the overlying water. Thus, the bacterial diversity greatly differ between sediment and seawater samples. On the genus level, bacterial diversity between two habitats was also different. However, the number of genera found over 5% were less than 10 in both habitats and the bacterial community was composed of a number of diverse minor or rare genera. Elevation of $CO_2$ concentration during a $CO_2$ storage process, could result in change of bacterial diversity. Thus, this study will be very useful to access the effect of $CO_2$ on bacterial diversity and to predict functional change of the ecosystem during the process of CCS project.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.154-162
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• 1992

This study was designed to investigate the antitumor effect and immunological activities of chitosan extracted from Solenocera prominetis toward on mire bearing sarcoma-180. The growth inhibition ratio of the chitosan toward sarcoma-180 showed at the highest level of 63.84% when chitosan were administrated at the concentration of 40mg/kg. The direct cytotoxic effect of chitosan was not observed in the mice bearing sar-roma-180 in vitro. In the effect of immunological activities, dose-dependent responses indicated by the increase of leucocyte, peritoneal exudate cell than that of control group when chitosan administered to the mice in the concentation of 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg. Also dose-dependent responses showed also by the increase of immunoorgans weights such as body weight, liver, spleen or thymus in the same concentration of 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg. Food pad swelling having the relationship with arthus reaction of antibody-mediated hypersensitivity and delayed type hypersensitivity was recovered the almost normal level. In the efforts of macrophge on phagocytes, there were not substantial differences in phagorytic and corrected phagocytic index. In the number of plaque forming cell(PFC), PFC on the 10$^{7}$ spleen cells were increased the levels of 18.88% and 31.83% when chitosan were adminstersd at the concentration of 30mg/kg and 40mg/kg.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.78-86
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• 2017

Japan has a lot of interest about weapons systems development of surrounding national and has invested heavily in securing intelligence assets to get information about them, because of conflict issues between Japan and Russia with four northern islands, China with Senkaku Islands and entry policy into the Pacific. Japan has used a large budget to detect and intercept ballistic missile for reasons of the launch of the Taepodong missile in 1998. After took over SIGINT equipments which U.S. force had operated in 1950s~1960s, Japan made a technological analysis and advanced IT technology to produce superior equipments. Japan's SDF has installed them in 19 locations across Japan. In addition, Japan's JASDF has installed advanced early warning RADAR to detect aircraft and high speed ballistic missile entering JADIZ with S-band in 28 locations across Japan. It is possible to detect missile launch preparations, engine tests, and launch moments at any time for operation of 6 satellites high resolution reconnaissance system and 6 aegis ships. In close cooperation with the US, Japan is accessible to the SBIRS networks which detects the launch of a ballistic missile in neighboring countries. In the future, Because the United States wants Japan to act as part of the United States in East, south Asia, it is believed that the exchange of intelligence on the surrounding countries between two countries will be enhanced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.364-364
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• 2017

Saemangeum reclaimed land is a part of Saemangeum Development Project. Most of the persistent problems of Saemangeum reclaimed land remain to be related to soil salinity. Soil salinity is a major abiotic factor related to microbial community structure and also fungi have been reported to be more sensitive to salinity stress than bacteria. The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of soil salinity levels on the microbial communities in Saemangeum reclaimed land using 454 pyrosequencing analysis. Soil samples was collected from 12 sites of in Saemangeum reclaimed land. For pyrosequencing, 27F/518R (bacteria) and ITS3/ITS4 (fungi) primers were used containing the Roche 454 pyrosequencing adaptor-key-linker (underlined) and unique barcodes (X). Pyrosequencing was performed by Chun's Lab (Seoul, Korea) using the standard shotgun sequencing reagents and a 454 GS FLX Titanium sequencing System (Roche, Inc.). In the soil samples, Proteobacteria (bacteria) and Ascomycota (fungi) shows the highest relative abundance in all the soil sample sites. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Plantomycetes, Gemmatimonadetes and Parcubacteria were shown to have significantly higher abundance in high salinity level soils than low salinity level soils, while Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae has significantly higher relative abundance in low salinity level soils. The abundance of fungal, Ascomycota has the highest relative abundance in soil samples, followed by Basidiomycota, Chlorophyta, Zygomycota and Chytridiomycota. Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Glomeromycota and Cerozoa were show significantly higher relative abundance in low salinity level soils. The principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and correlation analysis shown to salinity-related soil parameters such as ECe, Na+, SAR and EPS were affected to bacterial and fungal community structure. Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Plantomycetes exhibited significantly positive correlation with soil salinity, while Acidobacteria exhibited significantly negative correlation. In the case of fungal community, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were seen show significantly negative correlation with salinity related soil parameters. These results suggest that provide understanding effect of soil salinity on microbial community structure and correlation of microbial community with soil parameters in Saemangeum reclaimed land.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.121-128
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• 2012

High resolution intertidal DEM is a basic material for science research like sedimentation/erosion by ocean current, and is invaluable in a monitoring of environmental changes and practical management of coastal wetland. Since the intertidal zone changes rapidly by the inflow of fluvial debris and tide condition, remote sensing is an effective tool for observing large areas in short time. Although radar interferometry is one of the well-known techniques for generating high resolution DEM, conventional repeat-pass interferometry has difficulty on acquiring enough coherence over tidal flat due to the limited exposure time and the rapid changes in surface condition. In order to overcome these constraints, we tested the feasibility of radar interferometry using Cosmo-SkyMed tandem-like one-day data and ERS-ENVISAT cross tandem data with very short revisit period compared to the conventional repeat pass data. Small temporal baseline combined with long perpendicular baseline allowed high coherence over most of the exposed tidal flat surface in both observations. However the interferometric phases acquired from Cosmo-SkyMed data suffer from atmospheric delay and changes in soil moisture contents. The ERS-ENVISAT pair, on the other hand, provides nice phase which agree well with the real topography, because the atmospheric effect in 30-minute gap is almost same to both images so that they are cancelled out in the interferometric process. Thus, the cross interferometry with very small temporal baseline and large perpendicular baseline is one of the most reliable solutions for the intertidal DEM construction which requires very accurate mapping of the elevation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.81-92
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the elasticity in tourism demand of Chinese tourists visiting Malaysia through ARDL models by using Chinese tourists arrivals, GDP, CPI, transportation costs and others. When China was implementing an open-door policy with foreign countries in the early 15th century, the movement of Chinese was very limited, and then communication between China and other countries was very weak. However, the Chinese government persistently and entirely implemented an open-door policy by participating in the World Trade Organization(WTO) in 2001. The Chinese government has opened the economy through foreign direct investment by providing various incentives for foreign investment. As a result, inbound and outbound Chinese movements increased in the early 21st century. China was one of the top five most visited tourist destinations in the world by 2016, and also Chinese tourists traveling abroad increased, so they made Malaysia a popular tourists destination because of increase sharply to around 1.41 million. This study examined the significance of major economic factors affecting the increase in Chinese tourists arriving in Malaysia. Other factors that induced their arrival included income, tourism prices, transportation costs and promotional activities. Short-run shocks from the Asian economic crisis and the outbreak of SARS were included to understand how tourism demand in Malaysia was affected. Finally this study found that the combination of the ARDL and the Error Correction Model were useful to statistically estimate the elasticities of tourism demand.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.52-62
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• 2008

By analyzing specific plant distributions and physicochemical characteristics of topsoil in a reclaimed dredging area, baseline data was found of natural landscape planting sites, and developing dredged fill ground. The reclaimed dredging area is five different stands (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) which were examined in this research. They are located from sea level to 15 meters in altitude and exhibited typical characteristics of the salt marsh in Gwangyang Bay. Species with high constancy in the vegetation on the reclaimed soil were classified into four stages. A total of 12, 15, 22, 27 and 35 different plant species were found and also increased in stands 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. Moving from stand 1 to 5, halophytes decreased and non-halophytes increased. Desalination at each stage of the reclaimed dredging area was a driving force affecting the performance and distribution of halophytes and non-halophytes. Overall, 35 quadrats of soil were selected and analyzed for specific physicochemical characteristics of topsoil between O${\sim}$20cm. Results of the physicochemical analysis such as altitude, slope, vegetation and kind of reclaimed dredging soil, exhibited irregular increases or decreases. As survey areas moved from stand 1 to 4, desalination areas, soil acidity, electric conductions, content of salinity, available phosphorus, potassium, chlorine, calcium, and magnesium indicated decreasing patterns; however, total nitrogen, silt, and clay content increased. Cluster analysis and PCA by environmental data within the stands clearly showed five distinct vegetation patterns on the tested reclaimed area. These results indicate that the differences of performance and distribution of vegetation are due to the SAR in the reclaimed soil and related to the natural survival strategy at the given hostile habitat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.349-354
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• 2004

The effects of probiotic-vitacogen and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) supplementation on methanogesis, energy and nitrogen utilization in replacement dairy cows were evaluated. A basal diet comprising orchardgrass hay, lucerne hay cube and concentrate (2:2:1, DM basis) were fed with or without supplements to four cows at $80g\;DM/kgBW^{0.75}$per day in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square arrangement. The four treatments were; 1) basal diet, 2) basal diet plus 100 g probiotic-vitacogen, 3) basal diet plus 50 g GOS, 4) basal diet plus 50 g GOS and 100 g probiotic-vitacogen. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not altered by the effect of supplementation. Nitrogen intake was significantly (p<0.001) higher for the two vitacogen-supplemented diets compared to control and GOS supplemented diets. However, vitacogen supplemented diets had numerically higher fecal and urinary nitrogen losses, thereby, having lower nitrogen retention compared to control and GOS supplemented diets. Gross energy intake was also significantly (p<0.05) higher for vitacogen-supplemented diets compared to control and GOS diets, however, due to higher losses in feces, urine, methane and heat, GOS supplemented diet had numerically higher energy retention. There was an 11% reduction in methane emission (liters/day) in GOS supplemented diet compared to control diet. However, the combination of GOS with vitacogen resulted in an increased methane emission. When expressed per unit of animal production (g/kg live-weight gain), methane production tended to be lower in vitacogensupplemented diets compared to control and GOS diets. The supplementation of replacement dairy cows with GOS reduced methane emission (liters/day), while, vitacogen supplementation reduced methane emission per unit animal production. The two feed supplements may contribute to the abatement of methane as a greenhouse gas.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 2005

Abatement of greenhouse gas emitted from ruminants and promotion of biogas energy from animal effluent were comprehensively examined in each anaerobic fermentation reactor and animal experiments. Moreover, the energy conversion efficiency of biomass energy to power generation were evaluated with a gas engine generator or proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). To mitigate safely rumen methanogenesis with nutritional manipulation the suppressing effects of some strains of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, bacteriocin, $\beta$1-4 galactooligosaccharide, plant extracts (Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponarea), L-cysteine and/or nitrate on rumen methane emission were compared with antibiotics. For in vitro trials, cumulative methane production was evaluated using the continuous fermented gas qualification system inoculated with the strained rumen fluid from rumen fistulated Holstein cows. For in vivo, four sequential ventilated head cages equipped with a fully automated gas analyzing system were used to examine the manipulating effects of $\beta$1-4 galactooligosaccharide, lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides), yeast (Trichosporon serticeum), nisin and Yucca schidigera and/or nitrate on rumen methanogenesis. Furthermore, biogas energy recycled from animal effluent was evaluated with anaerobic bioreactors. Utilization of recycled energy as fuel for a co-generator and fuel cell was tested in the thermophilic biogas plant system. From the results of in vitro and in vivo trials, nitrate was shown to be a strong methane suppressor, although nitrate per se is hazardous. L-cysteine could remove this risk. $\beta$1-4 galactooligosaccharide, Candida kefyr, nisin, Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponarea are thought to possibly control methanogenesis in the rumen. It is possible to simulate the available energy recycled through animal effluent from feed energy resources by making total energy balance sheets of the process from feed energy to recycled energy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.831-837
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• 2010

KR-31125 (2-butyl-5-dimethoxymethyl-6-phenyl-7-methyl-3-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) is a potent inhibitor of angiotensin II type 1 ($AT_1$) receptors in human recombinant $AT_1$ receptors and rabbit aorta. These in vitro studies revealed that KR-31125 inhibited specific [$^{125}I$] [$Sar^1$, $Ile^8$]-angiotensin II binding to human recombinant $AT_1$ receptors in a concentration dependent manner with an $IC_{50}$ value of $19.72{\pm}2.65$ nM. However, no interaction with $AT_2$ receptors was detected as displayed by the competition binding of [$^{125}I$] CGP 42112A to human recombinant $AT_2$ receptor. The binding action was also confirmed as a competitive mode that was identical to the previously studied compound, losartan. In addition, KR-31125 caused a nonparallel shift to the right in the concentration response curves to angiotensin II with a 30-80% decrease in the maximum contractile responses ($pK_B$: 7.63). Compared to the previous studies with losartan that showed a parallel right shift in the maximum contractile responses to AII ($pA_2$: 7.59), KR-31125 presented a different mode of action with a similar potency to losartan. These results demonstrate that KR-31125 is a highly potent and $AT_1$ selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist that can be applied to the fields of new diagnostic and research tools with upcoming in vivo study results.