• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1703-1711
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• 2003

An elastic-plastic finite element analysis is performed to investigate detailed closure behaviour of fatigue cracks in residual stress fields and the numerical results are compared with experimental results. The finite element analysis performed under plane stress using contact elements can predict fatigue crack closure behaviour. The mesh of constant element size along crack surface can not predict the opening level of fatigue crack. Specially, the mesh of element sizes depending upon the reversed plastic zone size included the effect of crack opening point can precisely predict the opening level. By using the concept of the mesh of element sizes depending upon the reversed plastic zone size included the effect of crack opening point, the opening level of fatigue crack can be determined very well.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.388-396
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• 2023

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a vital source of clean and sustainable hydrogen energy. Moreover, the large-scale H₂ production is currently necessary, while long-term stability and high PEC activity still remain important issues. In this study, a GaN-based photoelectrode was modified by an additional NH₃ treatment (900℃ for 10 min) and its PEC behavior was monitored. The bare GaN exhibited a highly crystalline wurtzite structure with the (002) plane and the optical bandgap was approximately 3.2 eV. In comparison, the NH₃-treated GaN film exhibited slightly reduced crystallinity and a small improvement in light absorption, resulting from the lattice stress or cracks induced by the excessive N supply. The minor surface nanotexturing created more surface area, providing electroactive reacting sites. From the surface XPS analysis, the formation of an N-Ga-O phase on the surface region of the GaN film was confirmed, which suppressed the charge recombination process and the positive shift of E_FB. Therefore, these effects boosted the PEC activity of the NH₃-treated GaN film, with J values of approximately 0.35 and 0.78 mA·cm^-2 at 0.0 and 1.23 V_RHE, respectively, and an onset potential (V_on) of -0.24 V_RHE. In addition, there was an approximate 50% improvement in the J value within the highly applied potential region with a positive shift of V_on. This result could be explained by the increased nanotexturing on the surface structure, the newly formed defect/trap states correlated to the positive V_on shift, and the formation of a GaO_xN_1-x phase, which partially blocked the charge recombination reaction.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제66권1호
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• pp.97-111
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• 2018

Cracking can lead to unexpected sudden failure of normally ductile metals subjected to a tensile stress, especially at elevated temperature. This article is raised to study the application of a composite material instead of the traditional carbon steel material used in the natural gas transmission pipeline because the cracks occurs in the pipeline initiate at its internal surface which is subjected to internal high fluctuated pressure and unsteady temperature according to actual operation conditions. Functionally graded material (FGM) is proposed to benefit from the ceramics durability and its surface hardness against erosion. FGM properties are graded at the radial direction. Finite element method (FEM) is applied and solved by ABAQUS software including FORTRAN subroutines adapted for this case of study. The stress intensity factor (SIF), temperatures and stresses are discussed to obtain the optimum FGM configuration under the actual conditions of pressure and temperature. Thermoelastic analysis of a plane strain model is adopted to study SIF and material response at various crack depths.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.624-635
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• 1990

본 연구에서는 마멸과정을 선형파괴역학적 관점에서 해석하여, 탄성체의 표면 에 산재되어 있는 표면균열의 전파거동을 마멸과정규명의 입장에서 살펴보고자 한다. 우선 마멸거동에 관한 파괴역학적 접근방식에 의한 마멸이론의 확립을 위해서, 표면균 열이 내부균열보다 그 전파 가능성이 높다고 한 Keer등의 주장에 착안하여 Hertz 접촉 압력하의 경사진 표면균열의 전파거동을 선형파괴역학적으로 해석하고자 한다. 이론 해석에 있어서는 표면균열을 인상전립의 연속분포로 치환하고, 전립밀도분포함수에 관 한 특이적분방정식을 유도해서 Erdogangupta의 방법을 이용하여 그 해를 구하였다.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.91-99
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• 2007

Fractures of galvannealed coating layer during actual press forming in automotive applications were observed by scanning electron microscopy in order to understand fracture mechanism. Fracture behaviors of galvannealed coating layer in extra deep drawing quality steels and high strength steels have been studied by performing the tests describing the representative plastic deformation in sheet metal forming such as uni-axial tensile test, compression test, bi-axial test and plane strain test. Growth and direction of cracks were deeply related to the plastic deformation modes and history. The material properties of galvannealed coating layer were investigated by nano-indentation test equipped with Berkovich diamond indentor for the specimens. Hardness and elastic modulus of the coating layer were higher than bared steels and that was the reason for crack of coating layer. Flat friction test and drawbead friction test were performed to observe the effect of the surface morphology on the frictional characteristics. The micro-plasto hydrodynamic lubrication were appeared and played an important role in reducing the coefficient of friction.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.62-67
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to perform failure analysis of an inlet pipe located in a governor valve of a steam turbine in a district heating system. During the operation, the temperature of the governor valve was increased to as high as ~500 ℃, which induced thermal expansion of the inlet pipe along both axial and radial directions. While the inlet pipe did not have contact with the valve seat, the side plane of the upside was constrained by the casing part, which led the inlet pipe to experience stress field in the form of fatigue and creep. The primary crack was initiated at about 30 mm below the top where the complex stress field was anticipated. These results suggest that the main failure mechanism is a combination of thermal fatigue and creep during the operation supported by the observation of apparent beach marks on the fracture surface and pores near the cracks, respectively.

• 지질공학
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.269-281
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• 2021

Land creeping is the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement o f slope-forming soil or rock. Because creep-related failures occur frequently on a large scale without notice, they can be hazardous to both property and human life. Korea Forest Service has operated the prevention and response system from land creeping which has been on the rise since 2018. We categorized and proposed three survey steps (e.g., preliminary, regional, detailed) for investigation of creeping susceptibility site with a focus on geophysical mapping of a selected test site, Yongheung-dong, Pohang, Korea. The combination of geophysical (dipole-dipole electrical resistivity tomography and reciprocal seismic refraction technique, well-logging), geotechnical studies (standard penetrating test, laboratory tests), field mapping (tension cracks, uplift, fault), and comprehensive interpretation of their results provided the reliable information of the subsurface structures including the failure surface. To further investigate the subsurface structure including the sliding zone, we performed high-resolution geophysical mapping in addition to the regional survey. High-resolution seismic velocity structures are employed for stability analysis because they provided more simplified layers of weathering rock, soft rock, and hard rock. Curved slip plane of the land creeping is effectively delineated with a shape of downslope sliding and upward pushing at the apex of high resistive bedrock in high-resolution electrical resistivity model with clay-mineral contents taken into account. Proposed survey steps and comprehensive interpretation schemes of the results from geological, geophysical, and geotechnical data should be effective for data sets collected in a similar environment to land-creeping susceptibility area.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.109-121
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• 2010

광양 광산 폐석더미에 많은 양으로 방치되어 있는 황철석으로부터 유용금속을 보다 효과적으로 용출시켜내기 위해서 $42^{\circ}C$에서 미생물 용출실험을 실시하였다. $42^{\circ}C$의 미생물 용출 실험에서 생존할 수 있는 토착 호산성박테리아를 일본 하쵸바루 산성 온천수에서 채취하였고, 박테리아의 용출능력을 향상시켜 주기 위하여 황철석-용출 배양액에 yeast extract를 첨가하였다. 원소황과 yeast extract가 포함된 성장-배양액에서 성장한 토착박테리아들은 막대 모양으로 나타났다. 크기가 약 $0.7\times2.6\;{\mu}m$, $0.6\times7\;{\mu}m$, $0.8\times5\;{\mu}m$ 및 $0.7\times8.4\;{\mu}m$인 박테리아들이 황철석 표면에 부착하였다. 막대 모양의 박테리아들은 황철석 표면에 발달한 육각형 공동 주변과 공동 안쪽 벽면에 집중적으로 군집을 형성하여 부착하였다. 길이가 약 $4.92\;{\mu}m$에서 약 $10.0\;{\mu}m$인 filament-shaped 박테리이들이 황철석 표면의 크랙 주변과 크랙 안쪽 벽변에 부착하였다. 황철석에 대한 XRD분석에서, 박테리아에 반응시킨 시료가 비교시료에 비하여 상대적으로 (111), (311), (222) 및 (320) 결정면들의 강도는 감소하였고, (200), (210) 및 (211)의 결정면들의 강도는 증가하였다. Fe 이온은 미생물학적 용출량이 화학적 용출량에 비하여 3.4배 이상 높게 용출되었고, Zn 이온은 화학적 용출량보다 미생물학적 용출량이 2배 이상 높게 용출되었다. 토착호산성박테리아가 황철석의 특정 표면을 선택적으로 공격히는 것을 SEM 및 XRD분석에서 확인하였다. 앞으로 보다 더 높은 온도로 미생물 용출실험을 실시한다면 보다 많은 유용금속이온이 용출될 것으로 기대된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.25-34
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• 1970

Very few articles are available on geologic structure and genesis of Sangdong scheelite-deposits in spite of the fact that the mine is one of the leading tungsten producer in the world. Sangdong scheelite deposits, embedded in Myobong slate of Cambrian age at the southem limb of the Hambaek syncline which strikes $N70{\sim}80^{\circ}W$ and dips $15{\sim}30^{\circ}$ northeast, comprise six parallel veins in coincide with the bedding plane of Myobong formation, namely four footwall veins, a main vein, and a hangingwall vein. Four footwall veins are discontinuous and diminish both directions in short distance and were worked at near surface in old time. Hangingwall vein is emplaced in brecciated zone in contact plane of Myobong slate and overlying Pungchon limestone bed of Cambrian age and has not been worked until recent. The main vein, presently working, continues more than 1,500 m in both strike and dip sides and has a thickness varying 3.5 to 5 m. Characteristic is the distinct zonal arrangement of the main vein along strike side which gives a clue to the genesis of the deposits. The zones symmetrically arranged in both sides from center are, in order of center to both margins, muscovite-biotite-quartz zone, biotite-hornblende-quartz zone and garnet-diopside zone. The zones grade into each other with no boundary, and minable part of the vein streches in the former two zones extending roughly 1,000 m in strike side and over 1,100 m in dip side to which mining is underway at present. The quartz in both muscovite-biotite-quartz and biotite-hornblende-quartz zones is not network type of later intrusion, but the primary constituent of the special type of rock that forms the main vein. The minable zone has been enriched several times by numerous quartz veins along post-mineral fractures in the vein which carry scheelite, molybdenite, bismuthinite, fluorite and other sulfide minerals. These quartz veins varying from few centimeter to few tens of centimeter in width are roughly parallel to the main vein although few of them are diagonal, and distributed in rich zones not beyond the vein into both walls and garnet-diopside zone. Ore grade ranges from 1.5~2.5% $WO_3$ in center zone to less than 0.5% in garnet-diopside zone at margin, biotite-hornblende-quartz zone being inbetween in garde. The grade is, in general, proportional to the content of primary quartz. Judging from regional structure in mid-central parts of South Korea, Hambaek syncline was formed by the disturbance at the end of Triassic period with which bedding thrust and accompanied feather cracks in footwall side were created in Myobong slate and brecciated zone in contact plane between Myobong slate and Pungchon limestone. These fractures acted as a pathway of hot solution from interior which was in turn differentiated in situ to form deposit of the main vein with zonal arrangement. The footwall veins were developed along feather cracks accompanied with the main thrust by intrusion of biotite-hornblende-quartz vein and the hangingwall vein in shear zone along contact plane by replacement. The main vein thus formed was enriched at later stage by hydrothermal solutions now represented by quartz veins. The main mineralization and subsequent hydrothermal enrichments had probably taken place in post-Triassic to pre-Cretaceous periods. The veins were slightly displaced by post-mineral faults which cross diagonally the vein. This hypothesis differs from those done by previous workers who postulated that the deposits were formed by pyrometasomatic to contact replacement of the intercalated thin limestone bed in Myobong slate at the end of Cretaceous period.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.78-99
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• 2020

천안 성불사 마애불은 16나한이 모두 남아있는 국내의 유일한 예로 학술적 가치가 아주 높으나 심하게 손상되어 있어, 보존 방안을 검토하기 위해 디지털 기록화와 정밀 진단을 바탕으로 안정성을 평가하였다. 이 결과, 삼존불은 비슷한 규모이나 나한상은 매우 다양한 크기를 보였으며, 권속 2구는 나한상에 비해 크다. 추정공양상은 나한상과 유사하며, 대부분의 존상은 형상과 제작기법이 잘 드러난다. 마애불이 새겨진 암반은 편리 구조가 뚜렷한 호상편마암으로, 석영과 장석으로 이루어진 우백대와 흑운모로 구성된 우흑대가 교호하며 미량의 백운모를 포함한다. 이 마애불에는 물리적 풍화와 변색 및 생물 오염이 복합적으로 작용하고 있으며, 주암면에는 미세 균열 1,131cm, 박리상 균열 1,061cm, 구조상 균열 1,456cm, 절리 1,277cm로 나타났다. 손상도 평가 결과, 절리 3.6(균열지수), 박리 5.2%, 박락 1.7%, 탈락 0.1%로 산출되었다. 특히 생물학적 풍화가 심하여 주암면의 생물피도는 9단계와 10단계가 전체 면적의 57.5%를 차지하였고, 5~8단계도 22.3%로 아주 높았다. 표면 변색 요인은 Fe과 Ca 및 S로 암갈색과 백색으로 나타나고 흑화 오염물에서는 다량의 C가 검출되며, 모든 영역에서 손상 가중치가 매우 높다. 마애불 암반에서는 서로 다른 방향을 갖는 불연속면이 확인되었다. 암반의 파괴유형 분석 결과, 평면 파괴와 전도 파괴의 가능성이 있으며 쐐기 파괴는 발생하기 어려운 것으로 나타났다. 주암면의 초음파 속도는 평균 2,463m/s이며, 절리대가 많은 좌측면 하부가 상대적으로 낮아 상당히 풍화된 단계(HW)와 완전히 풍화된 단계(CW)가 집중 분포하는 취약한 물성을 보였다. 이 마애불에서는 미세 균열의 14.9%와 박리상 균열의 58.9% 정도에서 보존처리가 요구된다. 또한 마애불의 보존 환경을 개선할 수 있는 수목 정비와 암반의 구배를 고려한 배수 시설 및 지반 정비가 필요하며, 장기적인 보존 관리를 위해 보호 시설도 검토해야 할 것이다.