• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.54-62
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• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of the test substance, SU-Eohyeol Pharmacopuncture (SUEP), to induce micronuclei in bone marrow cells of Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rats. Methods : The dose range preliminary study was performed first. 1 ml/animal was selected as the high dose of this study. Two additional lower dose levels (0.5 and 0.25 ml/animal) were produced by applying a geometric ratio of 2. In addition, the positive and negative control groups were set. Then, after intramuscular administration (1 ml/animal) of SUEP to 8-week-old male SD rats, an in vivo micronucleus test was performed to evaluate the induction of micronuclei in SD rat bone marrow cells. Results : As a result of the main study, the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) in polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) in the test substance SUEP groups was not statistically significantly different from the negative control group. In addition, the ratio of PCE to total erythrocytes in the test substance SUEP groups was not statistically significantly different from the negative control group. In the positive control group, the incidence of MNPCE in PCE was statistically significantly increased when compared to the negative control group. The ratio of PCE to total erythrocytes in the positive control group was not statistically significantly different from the negative control group. Conclusions : Based on these results, the test substance, SUEP, did not have any potential to induce micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of rats under the conditions of this study.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.93-97
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• 1998

The results of chromosome aberration test in mammalian cells in culture (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells) showed no induction of structural and numerical aberrations by antifungal agents of YH1715 series regardless of metabolic activation. While positive control group (mitomycin C and benzo(a)pyrene) showed structural chromosome aberrations of 37% and 23%, respectively. The in vivo induction of micronuclei was measured in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of male ddY mouse given YH1715R and YH1729R at 1, 0.5, 0.25 g/kg by p.o. once. After 24 hours, animals were sacrificed and evaluated 40 the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in whole erythrocytes. Although a positive response for induction of micronuclei in animals treated with mitomycin C demonstrated the sensitivity of the test system for detection of a chemical clastogen, YH1715R did not induce micronuclei in bone marrow of ddY male mice but induced cytotoxicity to bone marrow cells at the highest concentration (1 g/kg, p〈0.05), and YH1729R induced micronuclei in bone marrow of ddY male mice dose dependently (p<0.05) but did not induce cytotoxicity to bone marrow cells.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2011

Objectives: The antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles has resulted in their widespread use in many consumer products. Yet, despite their many advantages, it is also important to determine whether silver nanoparticles may represent a hazard to the environment and human health. Methods: Thus, to evaluate the genotoxic potential of silver nanoparticles, in vivo genotoxicity testing (OECD 474, in vivo micronuclei test) was conducted after exposing male and female Sprague-Dawley rats to silver nanoparticles by inhalation for 90 days according to OECD test guideline 413 (Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity: 90 Day Study) with a good laboratory practice system. The rats were exposed to silver nanoparticles (18 nm diameter) at concentrations of $0.7\;{\times}\;10^6$ particles/$cm^3$ (low dose), $1.4\;{\times}\;10^6$ particles/$cm^3$ (middle dose), and $2.9\;{\times}\;10^6$ particles/$cm^3$ (high dose) for 6 hr/day in an inhalation chamber for 90 days. The rats were killed 24 hr after the last administration, then the femurs were removed and the bone marrow collected and evaluated for micronucleus induction. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in the micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes or in the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes among the total erythrocytes after silver nanoparticle exposure when compared with the control. Conclusion: The present results suggest that exposure to silver nanoparticles by inhalation for 90 days does not induce genetic toxicity in male and female rat bone marrow in vivo.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1997

The micronucleus test using peripheral blood reticulocytes (RETs) was evaluated in ICR mice treated with N-methyI-N-nitrosourea (MNU) and benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] as model clastogens. The frequency of micronucleated reticulocytes (MNRETs) in both positive compounds was similar to other results which were reported previously. On the other hand, an anticlastogenic effect of the natural antioxidant, $\beta$-carotene and one of taroholds, galangin as model anticlastogens were investigated using simultaneous treatment. Mice were treated with a model clastogen alone, or with a model clastogen and a model anficlastogen simultaneously. Both $\beta$-carotene and galangin showed anticlastogenic effects against MNU- or B(a)P-induced micronuclei in mice. However, galangin has stronger activity than $\beta$-carotene. Results from our experiment suggest that the in vivo supravital staining micronucleus test using peripheral blood is useful in the evaluation of clastogenic and anticlastogenic effects.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1977

In order to evaluate the mutagenic potential in animal for these pesticides which were proved to be mutagenic in the bacterial screening system with a metabolic activation in vitro, we have studied in vivo cytogenetic effects on mouse bone marrow by means of the micronucleus test. The clastogenic activity of the chemical is evaluated as the frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes. We have tested six pesticides, insecticides, DDVP and trichlorfon, fungicide, TMTD, herbicides, NIP and MO and growth regula색, maleic hydrazide. It was found that among the tested pesticides only TMTD exhibited minimal activity in inducing micronuclei. Organophosphorus insecticide DDVP that is the most broadly used and economically important chemical, did not increase the micronuclei frequencies in mouse bone marrow cells as with the all other pesticides tested.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.355-359
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• 2019

In vivo micronucleus tests were performed to investigate the mutagenic potential of 4-butylaniline and N-butylaniline, which are used in dye intermediates and organic intermediates respectively. Groups of 5 male ICR mice were treated with vehicle or 4-butylaniline for 2 consecutive days by oral gavage at concentrations of 0 (control), 64, 160, 400, and 1000 mg/kg. Statistically significant and dose-dependent increases were found for micronuclei frequencies in male mice (p <0.05). These results suggest that 4-butylaniline can induce genetic effects in the micronuclei of male mouse bone marrow cells. Based on the positive results obtained in cytogenetic analyses of somatic cells in vivo, Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals Category 2 was assigned. N-butylaniline was administered for 2 consecutive days by oral gavage to male ICR mice at dose of 0 (control), 64, 160, 400, and 800 mg/kg. N-butylaniline tested negative for micronuclei induction in mice, although N-butylaniline was associated with micronucleus induction at the highest dose. Based on the negative results obtained for cytogenetic analyses of somatic cells in vivo, "Not Classified" was assigned.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.374-382
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• 2011

We investigated the mutagenicity of methiozolin, newly developed herbicide, in vitro reverse mutation test using Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, chromosome aberration test using chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells and in vivo micronucleus test of mice. In the reverse mutation test, the methiozolin did not induce mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, Escherichia coli WP2uvrA with and without metabolic activation at $5,000{\mu}g$/plate. In the chromosome aberration test, the results showed no incidence of increased structural and numerical chromosome abberrations at any doses tested (80, 40, $20{\mu}g$/mL). In micronucleous test, the ratio of micronuclei was measured in polychromatic erythrocytes with treated methiozolin for ICR mice. No incidence of increased micronuclei were observed in polychromatic erythrocytes (1,500, 1,000, 500 mg/kg). Based on these results, we concluded that methiozolin has no mutagenic toxicity in vitro and in vivo systems.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.278-285
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• 1993

The anticlastogenic effect of N-acetylcysteine was tested in vivo in mouse bone-marrow micronucleus assay. The frequencies of micronuclei induced by adriamycin (5 mg/kg i.p.) in bonemarrow cells were decreased by the oral administration of N-acetylcysteine at 12 h before adriamycin injection. The observed suppressing effect was not a reflection of a delay in the formation of micronuclei by the cytotoxic effect of N-acetylcysteine. The anticlastogenic effects of SH compound including N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, cystine, S-carboxy methylcysteine and glutathione were also investigated by the multiple pretreatment. Each SH compound was administered orally every day for 5 days and adriamycin (5 mg/kg i.p.) was injected at 24h after the last dose of test compound. N-acetylcysteine and glutathione showed significantly the suppressive effect at dose of 10 and 25 mg/kg for N-acetylcysteine and at the dose of 25 mg/kg for glutathione. Our study suggests that N-acetylcysteine is capable of protecting the chromosomal damages in the normal cells during cancer chemotherapy by adriamycin, and may act as an anticlastogen against induction of micronuclei by superoxide generating agent such as adriamycin.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.237-246
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• 2020

Objectives: Capsaicin-containing (CP) pharmacopuncture was developed to treat neuropathic pain. This study was conducted to assess the toxicity of CP extract for pharmacopuncture, using a micronucleus test. Methods: First, a dose range finding study was conducted. Then an in vivo micronucleus test was performed to determine the induction of micronuclei in mouse bone marrow cells after intramuscular administration of CP twice with a 24-hour interval to 8-week-old ICR mice. A high dose of 0.2 mL/animal was selected, and this was sequentially diluted by applying a geometric ratio of 2 to produce two lower dose levels (0.1 and 0.05 mL/animal). In addition, negative and positive control groups were set up, and an HPLC analysis was conducted to confirm the capsaicin content of CP. Results: The incidence of micro-nucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in polychromatic erythrocytes in the CP-treated group was similar to that in the negative-control group, while that in the positive-control group was significantly greater. In addition, the ratio of polychromatic erythrocytes to total erythrocytes in the CP treatment group and the positive control group was not significantly different from the negative control group. In the HPLC analysis, capsaicin in the CP was identified through a comparison with the retention time of the capsaicin standard of 27 min. Conclusion: CP did not show any indication of any potential to induce micronuclei formation in bone marrow cells of ICR mice under the conditions of this study. Further toxicity studies are necessary to ensure the safety of the use of CP in clinical practice.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.89-92
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• 1998

The results of chromosome aberration test in mammalian cells in culture (Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells) showed no induction of structural and numerical aberrations by YH1226, a cephalosporin antibiotic regardless of metabolic activation, while positive control group (mitomycin C and benzo(a)pyrene) showed structural chromosome aberrations of 25% and 10%, respectively. The in vivo induction of micronuclei was measured in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of male ddY mouse given YH1226 at 500, 250, 125 mg/kg by i.p. once. After 24 hours, animals were sacrificed and evaluated for the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in whole erythrocytes. Although a positive response for induction of micronuclei in animals treated with mitomycin C demonstrated the sensitivity of the test system for detection of a chemical clastogen, YH1226 did not induce microunclei in bone marrow of ddY male mice.