• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

Kefir exhibits antimicrobial activity in vitro against gram-positive and gram negative bacteria, as well as some fungi. The ability of LAB to inhibit the growth of closely related bacteria is well known. This inhibition of pathogenic and spoilage microbes may be due to the production of organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, acetaldehyde, diacetyl, carbon dioxide, or bacteriocins. Lactobacilli are the major contributors to acid production and, hence, a determining factor in the flavor development in kefir. Lactic acid, proteolytic activity, and acetaldehyde are the essential flavor compounds in kefir. Both acid and bacteriocins contribute to the antimicrobial activity of kefir and kefir grains. Kefir is rich in proteins, calcium, vitamin $B_{12}$, niacin, and folic acid. Many studies have investigated the benefits of consuming kefir and have shown that it is a natural probiotic, which when consumed regularly, can help relieve intestinal disorders, promote bowel movement, reduce flatulence, and improve the overall health of the digestive system. Tibetan kefir, which is different from traditional kefir, is produced in China. It has been reported to exhibit antimicrobial activity that is nearly identical to that of traditional kefir. Kefir production is considered a rapidly growing food industry in China.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aims to compare changes in physical factors, health behaviors, eating habits, and nutritional intake among Korean male and female adults over a period of three years (2019-2021) before and after the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods: This study utilized raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019-2021). The participants in this study included 6,235 individuals in 2019, 5,865 individuals in 2020, and 5,635 individuals in 2021. Individuals whose daily energy intake was less than 500 kcal or exceeded 5,000 kcal were excluded from the study. Results: In comparison to 2019, overweight/obesity rates, weight, waist circumference, weekend sleep hours, and resistance exercise days/week increased in both male and female during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regarding eating habits, the proportions of people skipping breakfast, not eating out, consuming health supplements, and recognizing nutritional labels increased in 2020 and 2021, whereas the rate of skipping dinner decreased. Total energy intake has continued to decrease for the two years since 2019. A comparison of nutrient intake per 1,000 kcal before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 revealed that intake of nutrients, including protein, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, riboflavin, and niacin increased, while folic acid intake decreased. In male, calcium, phosphorus, riboflavin, and niacin intakes increased, whereas iron, vitamin C, and folic acid intakes decreased. In female, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin intake increased significantly, while protein and niacin intake decreased significantly. Conclusions: After COVID-19, the obesity rate, breakfast skipping rate, health supplement intake, and nutritional label use increased, while the frequency of eating out, dinner skipping rate, and total energy intake decreased. These environmental changes and social factors highlight the need for nutritional education and management to ensure proper nutritional intake and reduce obesity rates in the post-COVID-19 era.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 2009

Objectives: We tried to clarify the relationship between lifestyle and plasma homocysteine concentration. We analyzed the data of patients with acute ischemic stroke from the Hanbang stroke registry supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea. Methods: 458 subjects were recruited from the patients admitted to the Internal Medical Department of Kyunghee University oriental medical center, Dongguk University Ilsan oriental medical center, Kyungwon University Songpa oriental medical center and Kyungwon University Incheon oriental medical center from April 2007 to August 2008. We divided the subjects into four groups by quartiles of plasma homocysteine concentrations and compared the first and last quartile groups. Results: 1. In univariate analysis, the high homocysteine concentration group showed higher rate of older age, male gender, smoking, drinking and lower values in vitamin B12, folic acid, creatinine than the control group with statistical significance. 2. In multivariate analysis, older age, male gender smoking and folic acid showed a close relationship with statistical significance (each OR=3.620, OR=4.218, OR=3.558, OR=0.789). Conclusions: According to the analysis, the relationship between high homocysteine concentration and smoking in patients with acute ischemic stroke were clarified. We hope to standardize and establish criteria on homocysteine in Korea by large epidemiological survey. These study results could be utilized in the future as a basis material.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.341-351
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• 2018

Objectives: Use of dietary supplements containing vitamins and minerals is growing in Korean adults, especially in pregnant and lactating women. Vitamin and mineral supplements are available in different composition and in a wide range of contents. The purposes of the study were to examine nutrient composition and content of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women and assess their appropriateness as dietary supplements. Methods: Information on the name, manufacturer, nutrient composition, and usage of vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women were obtained from the homepage of the Food Safety Information Portal managed by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, and Korean Index of Medical Specialties. A total of 264 products were identified. Results: Among 264 products, 26.1% were single nutrient products, and 73.9% were multinutrient products. The most commonly included nutrient was iron (70.1%), folic acid (66.3%), vitamin $B_{12}$ (45.8%), vitamin C (38.6%), and vitamin $B_6$ (38.6%). Although more than 50% of products contained nutrients less than 150% of Recommended Nutrient Intakes or Adequate Intakes for daily use, some products contained inappropriately high amounts of nutrients. When a maximum daily dose of supplements was taken as described on the label, iron in 73 products (39.5%), folic acid in 14 products (8.0%) were likely to be consumed in amounts greater than Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. Most products were assessed as inappropriate for pregnant women due to the possibility of excessive intake of vitamins or minerals when compared with Dietary Reference Intakes. Conclusions: Pregnant and lactating women need to carefully select dietary supplements containing adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. Nutritionists should provide guidelines regarding selection of appropriate vitamin and mineral supplements for pregnant and lactating women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.207-215
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• 2008

This study was conducted to measure and evaluate the food and nutrient intakes of the people living near the nuclear plant and to investigate the relationship between the household income level and the food and nutrient intake patterns. A total of 552 cases (263 males and 289 females) were surveyed during the period from April 1 to December 21 of 2005. Dietary intake was measured by means of the 24-hour recall method. The data were analyzed using SPSS Windows (ver. 14.0). The household income level of the subjects was classified into two groups : Low income group (LIG; $\leq$2,000,000 won) and high income group (HIG; > 2,000,000). The subjects at large had less energy and nutrient intakes than did the population in town and village who participated in the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Survey. The intake of calcium, zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin $B_6$, vitamin C, and folic acid was less than the Estimated Average Requirement in case of $50{\sim}95%$ of the subjects. The LIG consumed less beans, vegetables, fruits, meats, and beverages than did the HIG in male, while the LIG consumed less eggs and beverages than did the HIG in female. The LIG consumed less nutrients than did the HIG in male, except for carbohydrate, while the LIG consumed less nutrients including zinc, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin C, folic acid than did the HIG in female. In addition, the LIG had higher percentage energy consumption from carbohydrate. These results suggest that higher food and nutrient intake is associated with higher income.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai with treatments methods. Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai was prepared with washing, blanching, and steaming. Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai samples were analysed proximate compositions, ${\beta}$-carotene, folic acid, minerals, polyphenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Crude protein, lipid, ash and fiber content of raw Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai were 24.43, 9.02, 17.74, and 33.50%, respectively. pH ranged from 6.49 in blanched Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai to 5.99 in steamed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. The Hunter L value was decreased with heat treatment and a- value showed that the green color was higher in steamed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. ${\beta}$-Carotene content was increased to 18% in washed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai, 54% in blanched Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai, and 10% in steamed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. Folic acid content of washed, raw, steamed, and blanched Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai were 848.87, 772.16, 271.54, and 260.74 mg/100 g, respectively. Major minerals were K, Ca, Na, and Mg, and K content had the highest value of 93.13~244.38 mg/100 g with treatment. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were higher in the order of blanched, steamed, washed, and raw Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.17
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• pp.7363-7369
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• 2014

The present study aimed to prepare and evaluate polymeric micelles conjugated with folic acid through ${\alpha}$- or ${\gamma}$-carboxyl groups for antitumor efficacy. The isomeric block copolymers, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-folate-polyethyleneglycol-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE), were produced by solid phase peptide synthesis. Three types of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded polymeric micelles (MPEG-DSPE-DOX and ${\alpha}$- / ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPEDOX micelles) were prepared via the film formation method. Compared with MPEG-DSPE-DOX micelles, the ${\alpha}$- / ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE-DOX micelles presented a higher cellular uptake behavior in the live cell study. Cell viability percentages were 81.8%, 57.3%, 56.6% at 2 hours for MPEG-DSPE-DOX, ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE-DOX micelles, respectively (p<0.05). Using the KB xenograft tumor model, both ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-folate-conjugated micelles were found to have better antitumor effects with lower toxicity in comparison with MPEG-DSPE-DOX micelles. No difference in in vivo antitumor efficacy was found between ${\alpha}$- and ${\gamma}$-Fol-PEG-DSPE-DOX micelles. The folate-conjugated micelles might be a potentially useful strategy for tumor targeting of therapeutic agents, whether grafting with folic acid through ${\alpha}$- or ${\gamma}$-carboxyl groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.451-461
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide fundamental information for snack development contributing to physical growth of children with cerebral palsy. The study was conducted on the children with cerebral palsy of age 1 to 7 by investigating their food behavior, physical growth development, nutritional status, and snack intake. As a result of assessing physical growth by WLI (Weight-Length Index), the proportions of the children with cerebral palsy were the following: underweight 45.5%, normal 45.5%, overweight 6.0%, and obesity 3.0%. The mothers of the children with cerebral palsy mainly bought milk and dairy products for their children's snacks (43.5%) as well as fruits (33.3%). They wanted development of new snacks that helped growth development (50.5%), and preferred more development of the following snacks: Korean rice cakes (47.5%), biscuits (24.2%), bread (22.3%). The result of dietary intake showed that the percentage of RI in zinc and folic acid did not reach the RI in every age categories. The proportion of subjects with less than 75% of RI was 76.8% for the zinc and folic acid, and 52.4% for the calcium and iron. These results indicate that children with cerebral palsy had slower physical development and lesser nutrition intake than normal children. Hence, this study provided the basis to develop the snack for the malnutrition state children with cerebral palsy which helped their physical development. The shape of new snack considered was a rice cake which included zinc and folic acid that were insufficient in RI in children with cerebral palsy.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.710-717
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• 2014

This study was designed to develop dish recipes using Heatsun sprouts to improve the sprouts' utilization and consumption. We created four kinds of dishes with Heatsun sprouts, including Acanthopanacis cortex, Kalopanax pictus, Aralia elata, and Cedrela sinensis, and analyzed their sensory properties and nutrients. In the sensory evaluation, the overall preference for all the dishes was scored higher than 3.0, Unnaumsun-dakgoginaengchae had the highest score (4.48) among the dishes. Unnamusun-dakgoginaengchae contained higher values of protein; vitamin A, E, and B6; and folic acid than the recommended dietary allowances (RDAs). The recipe for Dureupgokgammuchim was created to reduce the bitterness and the astringent taste of Aralia elata, and it was rich in vitamin C, E, and B6, as well as in folic acid and iron. Ogapisunkkonchijolim was cooked to reduce the fishy smell of a saury with the addition of Acanthopanacis cortex. It contained 1.5 times the protein RDAs, and high levels of antioxidant vitamins, including vitamin A, C, and E. Chamjugmandu was made by the mixing tofu and various vegetables without adding meat. It had the highest calorie count among the dishes, and its vitamin A, C, and E contents were higher than the corresponding RDAs.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.121-128
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• 1983

Nutritional and physio-chemical conditions for mycelial growth and fruit-body formation of Pleurotus florida were determined in synthetic media. Mannitol and sucrose were good sugar substances for the mycelial growth and fruit-body formation whereas less mycelial growth and no fruit-body formation was obtained with arabinose, lactose and inulin. The optimum concentration of mannitol was about 2%. Peptone as a nitrogen sources resulted in a rapid mycelial growth and fruit-body formation with higher yield, but nitrite-nitrogens inhibited the mycelial growth. The higher yield was obtained with 0.2% peptone. Among the vitamins used, the greatest mycelial growth and fruit-body formation brought about by thiamine and folic acid. $KH_2PO_4$ and $MgSO_4$ at 0.2% and 0.02%, respectively, were effective for the mycelial growth and fruit-body formation, but other inorganic salts used were ineffective. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth and fruit-body formation were $25^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$, respectively, and light intensity of $100{\sim}500\;lux$ and pH 6.0 appeared to be effective.