• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 1997

As a part of our ongoing effort to develop new antineoplastic immunostimulator from natural sources, bioassay-directed fractionationn of polysaccharides from Korean red ginseng was carried out by observing the proliferation of marine spleen cells and the generation of lymphoklne activated killer (LAK) cells. The acidic polysaccharide fractions proliferated spleen cells and generated LAK cells in proportion to their acidity in vitro. The LAK cell which was induced by ginseng showed tumoricidal activity against both NK celt sensitive and insensitive tumor target cells without major histocompatibility (MHC) restriction. Adherent macrophages and CD4+helper T cells were involved in the generation of the LAK cells. The acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng synerglzed with recombinant IL-2 (rIff-2) at lower than 3 U/ml. The optimal doses of the acidic polysaccharide from Korean red ginseng for the proliferation of spleen cells and for the generation of LAK cells were 1 mg/ml and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, respectively; this means that the mechanisms for the both activities may be different from each other.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.141-146
• /
• 2003

A nonspecific immunostimulator $BARODON^{\circledR}$ was tested for mutagenicity using Ames Salmonella tester strains TA98, TA1 00, TA 102, TA 1535 and TA 1537 with or without metabolic activation (59 mix). None of the fresh species showed mutagenicity. In the reverse mutation test using Salmonella phimurium TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535 and TA1537 did not increase the number of revertants at all doses tested (5, 2.5 or 1.25 mg/ml). Chromosome aberration test was carried out in Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cell line. The cells were treated with $BARODON^{\circledR}$ (1, 0.5 or 0.25 mg/ml), while positive control group was treated with Mitomycin C (0.1 mg/ml). The results show that there is no statistically significant difference between positive control and treatment groups. In mouse micronucleus test, there was significant increase in the ratio of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (MNPCE) in the high dose group (10% $BARODON^{\circledR}$), while there is no significance between control and low (2.5% $BARODON^{\circledR}$) or middle (5% $BARODON^{\circledR}$ dose groups. Taken together, this results suggest that below 5% $BARODON^{\circledR}$ might not have mutagenic potential in vitro and vivo systems.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2003

Two local irritation and skin sensitization studies of nonspecific immunostimulator, $BARODON^{\circledR}$ were carried out with New Zealand White rabbits and Hartley guinea pigs. In skin irritation test of male New Zealand White rabbits, body weights were not significantly changed and there were no responses after treatment for 24 or 72 hours and the Primary irritation index (P.1.1.) was '0'. And, in the eye irritation test, there were chemosis in some of rabbits. One of 3 rabbits in washing group was detected chemosis after 24 and 72 h following treatment and 2 of 6 rabbits in non-washing group were detected chemosis after 24h and 7 days following treatment. Therefore, total score is '4' after 24 h and '2' after 72 h following treatment by conforming article "some blood vessel are clearly hyperemic" . However evaluation value is non-irritant because M.O.I. (Mean ocular irritation index) score is below during the all experimental period and no significance through individuals and exposure time. In skin sensitization, the score of skin reaction was graded 1 with 0% sensitization rate. Taken together, these results indicate that $BARODON^{\circledR}$ may be non-irritant material. material.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.149-158
• /
• 2006

To determine the effects of ${\beta}$-carotene on the control of mastitis in dairy cows during the dry period, 38 dairy cows (18 mastitic cows and 20 healthy cows) were administered with 5 ml of ${\beta}$-carotene (30 mg/ml) intramuscularly twice (4 week intervals). Blood samples were taken from the cows before the injection and two weeks after the second injection, respectively, and were measured for the proportion of lymphocyte subpopulations and lymphocyte proliferation responses. With ${\beta}$-carotene injection, the proportion of cells expressing BoCD2, BoCD4 and B and N cells increased in healthy cows. In the presence of mitogens, lymphocytes from healthy cows showed significantly higher proliferation responses after ${\beta}$-carotene injection than before (p < 0.05), The somatic cell counts in ${\beta}$-carotene injected group decreased from 1,001,00 cells/ml at dry off to 647,000 cell/ml and 447 cells/ml at the stage of first and second weeks after calving, respectively (p < 0,05), This study indicated that ${\beta}$-carotene as a nonspecific immunostimulator could have a definite role for the prevention of intramammary infections in dairy cows at dry period.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.158-164
• /
• 2002

In the course of searching immunomodulators from natural sources, the protein-bound polysaccharide, CM-Ala, has been isolated from the water extract of Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae). The immunostimulatory characteristics have been investigated in several experiments such as generation of activated killer (AK) cells, proliferation of splenocytes, activation of macrophages and granulocyte macrophage-colony forming cell (GM-CFC) assay. Of the fractions obtained using Sephacryl S200 column chromatography, CM-Ala was the most effective fraction that augmented the cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells from 0.88% to 34.18% by culturing with splenocytes for 5 days. CM-Ala also enhanced nitric oxide production by two fold in peritoneal macrophages and exhibited antitumor activity. It showed mitogenic activity on both spleen cells and bone marrow cells. CM-Ala induced proliferation of splenocytes by 84 fold and increased GM-CFC numbers by 1.48 fold over than the non-treated. On the contrary, CM-Ala had cytotoxic activity to a diverse group of tumor cells. From the above results, we proposed that CM-Ala has a possibility of an effective antitumor immunostimulator.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.194-200
• /
• 2014

Ginsan, polysaccharide isolated from the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer, has been shown to be a potent immunomodulator, producing several cytokines and stimulating lymphoid cells to proliferate. In this study, ginsan was orally inoculated into BALB/c mice up to 39 days and the activity of immune cells containing macrophages and T cells was analyzed. Moreover, the production of cytokines, e.g., tumor necrotic factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$), GM-CSF and IL-12 was also analyzed. In results, the phagocytosis of macrophages was increased. About 13% cytotoxicity of NK cells was observed in 22 days and 29 days of administration. But, oral administration did not highly affect the proliferation of T cells. In cytokine analysis, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg at 22 days and 29 days showed three times more increase in TNF-${\alpha}$ than the controls. IFN-${\gamma}$ showed 1.07 and 1.16 times more increase at 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg over 22 days, respectively more than the controls. 32 days of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg induced GM-CSF of about 1.3 times more than the controls. IL-12 was not induced in samples more than the controls. Ginsan could be a potential immunostimulator. Therefore, our study suggests that it can be adapted as an immunostimulator that requires a relatively short oral administration.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.501-505
• /
• 2005

Immu-Forte composed of chitosan, ${\beta}-glucan$, manno-oligosaccharide and pangamic acid was evaluated for its effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in mice. The effects of Immu-Forte were determined by analysis of cytokines using ELISA and phenotype of leukocyte subpopulations using monoclonal antibodies specific to mouse leukocyte differentiation antigens and flow cytometry. All T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in Immu-Forte A-treated group increased in 1 months posttreatment and were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control at 1 months posttreatment. All T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages and IL-2 in Immu-Forte EX-treated low and middle dose groups increased in 1 months posttreatment and were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control at 1 months posttreatment. In the Immu-Forte soybean-treated group, NK cells and IL-4 were significantly higher in middle dose-treated group, and IL-2, IL-4 and IFN-r were significantly higher in low dose-treated group. In the Immu-Forte F-treated group, all T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, NK cells, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in high dose-treated group and all T cells, all B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, macrophages, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in middle dose-treated group and NK cells, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12 and IFN-r in low dose-treated group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of control at 1 months posttreatment. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that Immu-Forte had an immunostimulatory effect on mice through proliferation and activation of mouse immune cells.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.113-117
• /
• 2006

New nonspecific immunostimulators (Koko enterprise Co., Ltd., Korea) were evaluated for its effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in pigs. The effects of new nonspecific immunostimulators were determined by analysis of cytokines using ELISA and blood-chemistry. IFN-r which is one of the cell mediated immune cytokines significantly increased in DIR-vitamineral 0.2% group posttreatment 4 weeks and was significantly higher IMF 0.2%, DIR-vita 0.1% and DIR-vitamineral 0.2% groups than control group in 3 months. DIR-vitamineral 0.2% had a most strong effectiveness as a nonspecific immunostimulator in our treatment materials in pigs. IMF 0.2% and DIR-vita 0.1% were seen that there had effectiveness of a nonspecific immunostimulator in posttreatment 3 months. IgG IgM and Total Ig which were humoral immune globulins, were not significantly changed in posttreatment 4 weeks and 3 months. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that new nonspecific immunostimulators had an immunostimulatory effect on pigs through cell mediated immune response.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 1992

The present study were carried out to investigate the effects of Vomitoxin(Deoxynivalenol, DON) induced dysregulation of IgA synthesis. The data presented here demonstrate that exposure to dietary DON increases serum IgA and concurrently decreases IgG and IgM. Peyer's path(PP) and splenocytes from mice fed dietary DON produced increased IgA in mitogen stimulated and macrophage(MØ) perform essential role for Ig synthesis and was affected by the presence of DON. The synthesis and secretion of IgM and IgG under the presence of DON do not require T cell helper activity, whereas those of IgA do require such activity. These results suggest that dietary DON alters the regulation of IgA production and may act as an immunostimulator.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.261-265
• /
• 2004

In the previous report, we described the marked antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of PVp, a protein-polysaccharide fraction of a Korean wild mushroom Psathyrella velutina. In this study, a protein-polysaccharide fraction, PVMP, was prepared from the shake-cultured mycelia of the same mushroom and its immunoactivities as well as chemical compositions were investigated. At 200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, PVMP weakly stimulated the BALB/c mouse splenic lymphocytes to form lymphoblasts and upregulated the expression of CD25 molecules, but failed to stimulate peritoneal macrophages. In chemical analysis these two protein-polysaccharide fractions were found to be quite different in that the carbohydrate contents of PVMP and PVP, respectively, was 85.3% and 41.2%. These results reveals that PVMP, unlike PVP, is a moderate immunostimulator on the immune system.