• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.161-170
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• 1991

The storage stabilities of immunoliposomes incorporated with variable amounts of ganglioside $G_{M1}$ were investigated as a function of time. temperature. and composition by observing absorbance of visible light and calcein release. In the column chromatographe, the layer of unsaturated PE(dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine : DOPE). unable to form stable liposomes at physiological temperature and pH, were formed when palmitoyl-immunoglobulin G(IgG) $(2.5{\times}10^{-4}\;mol/DOPE\;mol)$ added. The incorporation of ganglioside $G_{M1}$ into immunoliposome. enhanced the stabilities of bilayers during the extended period of storage. The turbidities of immunoliposomes coated with ganglioside $G_{M1}$ exhibited the maximum near 20 mol% $G_{M1}/DOPE$ mol. probably because of the disturbance of the bilayer characteristics, i.e., layer transition or reorientation of interaction sites. At low temperature. the higher stability was achieved than at elevated temperatures. After one week of storage. the redispersed liposomal solutions at lower temperatures maintained the original elution patterns in chromatography but broader distribution at elevated temperatures. During the storage, it is suggested the aggregation is the more dominant phenomena for liposomes kept at $5^{\circ}C$ than the fusion. while he fusion is at elevated temperatures.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.461-468
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• 2005

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제57권12호
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• pp.542-545
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• 2014

Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis is characterized by ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and disturbance of consciousness. It is similar to Miller Fisher syndrome, a variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome, in that they share features such as ophthalmoplegia and ataxia. The difference is that patients with Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis have impaired consciousness, whereas patients with Miller Fisher syndrome have alert consciousness and areflexia. Here, we report the case of a 3-year-old child who was diagnosed with Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis presenting typical clinical features and interesting radiological findings. The patient showed ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, and subsequent stuporous mentality. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed high signal intensity in the pons and cerebellum around the 4th ventricle on a T2-weighted image. He was successfully treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Differentiation of Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis and Miller Fisher syndrome is often difficult because they possess many overlapping features. Brain magnetic resonance imaging may be helpful in diagnosing Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis, especially when lesions are definitely found.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.128-131
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• 2013

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related disease is an inflammatory condition characterized by IgG4 positive plasma cell infiltration. It can affect any organ in the body and mainly involves the pancreas, liver, biliary tracts, orbits, salivary glands and lymph nodes. It can manifest as an inflammatory pseudotumor. Pseudolymphoma as an inflammatory pseudotumor is a group of benign tumors that exhibit histological and clinical features suggestive of malignant lymphoma. Studies on IgG4-related disease are rarely reported, and no case of the disease that involved the maxillary bone and adjacent soft tissue, except for the skin, has been reported. Therefore, we report herein a case of pseudolymphomatous IgG4-related disease that involved the maxilla, with a literature review.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to detect certain change in peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in women with premature ovarian failure. The B cells, T cells and subsets were counted in 21 women with premature ovarian failure and 30 age-matched normal control women. The B cells were measured by identifying lymphocyte with surface membrane immunoglobulin and T cells and subsets by indirect immunofluorescence technique with the monoclonal antibodies OK T3, OK T4, and OK T8. The results were as follows. 1. No significant difference in the absolute number of B cells, T cells and subsets between women with premature ovarian failure and normal control women was observed. 2. The percentage of B cells, T cells and OK T8(+) cells in women with premature ovarian failure was not significantly different from that in normal control subjects respectively. 3. The percentage of OK T4(+) cells and OK T4/0K T8(+) ratio was significantly higher in women with premature ovarian failure than in control subjects.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.43-46
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• 2016

We present a case of tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a 14-year-old girl. The patient presented with weight loss, malaise, fatigue, prolonged fever, and generalized lymphadenopathy. Laboratory investigation revealed pancytopenia (white blood cells, $2,020cells/{\mu}L$; hemoglobin, 10.2 g/dL; platelets, $52,000cells/{\mu}L$), hypertriglyceridemia (229 mg/dL), and hyperferritinemia (1,420 ng/mL). Bone marrow biopsy showed a hypocellular bone marrow with a large numbers of histiocytes and marked hemophagocytosis; based on these findings, she was diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with both the bone marrow aspiration and sputum samples revealed the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antitubercular therapy with immune modulation therapy including dexamethasone and intravenous immunoglobulin was initiated. The results of all laboratory tests including bone marrow biopsy and PCR with both the bone marrow aspiration and sputum samples were normalized after treatment. Thus, early bone marrow biopsy and the use of techniques such as PCR can avoid delays in diagnosis and improve the survival rates of patients with tuberculosis-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.588-594
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• 2000

To investigate the effects of iota-carrageenan (CAR) and/or alum on the adjuvancity as well as the structural difference of oligosaccharide on the IgG2b in the adjuvant effect, C57BL/6 mice were immunized twice with fetuin as a model antigen. CAR alone showed no significant effect on induction of antibody except IgG1. In contrast, Alum-CAR (after mixing of antigen-Alum, CAR adjuvant was prepared) and CAR-Alum (after formulation of antigen-CAR, Alum adjuvant was prepared) enhanced production of antibody, especially, IgG2b. After separation of IgG2b, changes of glycosylation were investigated using enzymelinked lectin assay. High affinity of IgG2b to N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose and mannose-specific lectin were induced by CAR-Alum adjuvant, however, the affinity of IgG2b induced by CAR-Alum to GlcNAc and GalNAc-specific lectin were much less than that induced by Alum-CAR.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.345-348
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• 2004

Cephalic tetanus is a rare subtype of tetanus in which trismus is a charateristic symptom. The paralysis of one or more cranial nerves can occur. The 7th cranial nerve is most frequently involved. It account for 1 to 3% of the tetanus and has a mortality of 15 to 30%. The incubation period is 1 to 14 days, and approximately two thirds of tetanus cases progress to generalized tetanus. Generally, the symptoms of cephalic tetanus can include : facial pain, trismus, dysphagia, muscle twitching spasms of the face and jaw (risus sardonicus), neck stiffness and malaise. We present a case of cephalic tetanus who 54-year male patient had trismus and dysphagia. There was no history of trauma. As there was a delay in diagnosis of cephalic tetanus, respiratory disorder and intermittent general spasm occurred. The patient was treated by injection of antibiotics, muscle relaxant, and human anti-tetanus immunoglobulin. His symptoms were disappeared, and he was discharged ambulatory.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2004

The effect of immune activation by Echinacea purpurea was investigated by measuring total immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM. and the radioprotective effect of immune activation by Echinacea purpurea was investigated by measuring T lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of mice following whole body irradiation. Echinacea purpurea activated macrophages to stimulate $IFN-{\gamma}$ production in association with the secondary activation of T lymphocytes, resulting in a decrease in IgG and IgM production. Cytokines released from macrophages in mouse peripheral blood after Echinacea purpurea administration activated helper T cells to proliferate. In addition, activated macrophages in association with the secondary T lymphocyte activation increased $IFN-{\gamma}$ production and stimulated proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells, indicating the activation of cell-mediated immune responses.

• 약학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.20-29
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• 1989

The humoral immune response of Eicosapentanoic acid(EPA) was investigated in mice. ICR male mice were divided into 8 groups and received intraperitoneal injection of EPA(5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Cyclophosphamide(5 mg/kg) was administered i.p. 2 days prior to secondary immunization. Humoral immune response was evaluated by antibody titer, hypersensitivity to SRBC (Arthus), plaque forming cell(PFC) and organ weight. The ontanined results were as followings: The increased rate of body weight, the ratio of liver weight, spleen weight to body weight were decreased by all EPA administration groups as compared to normal group. HA titer, HY titer and Arthus reaction were enhanced according to the increase of EPA doses as compared to normal group. PFC was significantly enhanced by EPA 10 mg administration group. These results suggest that EPA enhances humoral immune response to SRBC in mice, indicating that EPA may block a immunoglobulin synthesis inhibition of arachidonic acid.