• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.101-108
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• 2006

The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether gallic acid could modulate the inflammatory allergic reaction and to study its mechanism of action Gallic acid inhibited compound 48/80- or immunoglobulin E (IgE)-induced histamine release from mast cells. The inhibitory effect of gallic acid on the histamine release was mediated by modulation of cAMP and intracellular calcium. Gallic acid decreased the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and production such as TNF- ${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in human mast cells, and the inhibitory effect of gallic acid was on dependent nuclear factor- ${\kappa}$B and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Our findings provide evidence that gallic acid inhibits mast cell-derived inflammatory allergic reaction by blocking histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.613-618
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• 1988

The exposure of blood to foreign materials can cause the denaturation of plasma protein components such as immunoglobulins and complements. And those phenomena increase the morbidity and mortality after intracardiac operations through the cardiopulmonary bypass. From April, 1987 to September, 1987, we had observed the serial changes of plasma total protein IgG, IgA, IgM, complements[C3, C4] in bubble oxygenator group[n=5] and membrane oxygenator group[n=5]. Statistically significant difference between two groups were present in total protein and C3. We conclude that using membrane oxygenator in long extracorporeal circulation can reduce the activation of alternative pathway of complement system, and which can reduce post-perfusion complications of the lung though we can`t prove it in mass populations.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.60-65
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• 2015

We report a pediatric patient admitted with abdominal pain, diffuse lower extremity edema and watery diarrhea for two months. Laboratory findings including complete blood count, serum albumin, lipid and immunoglobulin levels were compatible with protein losing enteropathy. Colonoscopic examination revealed diffuse ulcers with smooth raised edge (like "punched out holes") in the colon and terminal ileum. Histopathological examination showed active colitis, ulcerations and inclusion bodies. Immunostaining for cytomegalovirus was positive. Despite supportive management, antiviral therapy, the clinical condition of the patient worsened and developed disseminated cytomegalovirus infection and the patient died. Protein losing enteropathy and disseminated cytomegalovirus infection a presenting of feature in steroid-naive patient with inflammatory bowel disease is very rare. Hypogammaglobulinemia associated with protein losing enteropathy in Crohn's disease may predispose the cytomegalovirus infection in previously healthy children.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.172-175
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• 2001

Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome(GBS) is a common demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system. But recently, the axonal types are also reported. Acute transverse myelitis(ATM) is also a common inflammatory disease of the spinal cord. Generally, it is difficult to identify the etiology of GBS and ATM. I guess the occurrence of the 2 diseases at once is hard to take the place. A 63-year-old woman showed an acute motor axonal GBS and a cervical-upper thoracic ATM occurring at the same time. She was treated by intravenous immunoglobulin and solumedrol therapy. Her sensory symptoms were improved rapidly but motor symptoms showed only mild improvement.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.12
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• pp.1354-1361
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• 2005

Purpose : Rotavirus is an enteric pathogen that affects millions of children globally each year. But no specific therapy is available for the management of rotavirus diarrhea. Due to the clear need to define improved modality for treatment of rotavirus diarrhea, we evaluated the efficacy of antirotavirus IgY in the treatment of infants and children with gastroenteritis. Methods : First, the amount of viral particle in the stools of thirteen patients(seven were given IgY, 6 placebo) infected by rotavirus were evaluated for 3 days with the quantitative RT-PCR method. Second, 36 children with known rotavirus infection identified by ELISA or semi-quantitative RT-PCR were evaluated. We gave 5 g anti-rotavirus egg yolk daily in two equally divided doses for 3 days to two groups(an 18 IgY group and an 18 placebo group), respectively after parenteral consent. Daily vomiting frequency, stool frequency, oral intake and urine output were monitored for 3 days, and electrolyte and blood chemistry were checked at the first and third days. Results : First, in the placebo group, the amount of virus particles increased daily, but in the IgY group it decreased daily. Second, when IgY and placebos were given to children infected with rotavirus, diarrhea on the third day decreased significantly in the IgY group, compared with the placebo group. Conclusion : Treatment with antirotavirus immunoglobulin from immunized chicken's egg resulted in a decrease in the amount of viral particles in stools and diarrhea frequency in children. These results suggest that anti-rotavirus IgY is effective in the treatment of rotavirus gastroenteritis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.271-277
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• 2004

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Bu -Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang extracts, a prescription of traditional oriental medicine, on development of the B cells. In the bone marrow cell cultures, progenitors viability, expressions of particular cell- surface proteins and production of immunoglobulins were investigated in the presence of Bu-Zhong-Yi-Qi-Tang extracts. The administration of Bu-Zhong -Yi-Qi-Tang polysaccharide fraction increased the viable cell numbers of the precursor B cells, and elevated expression levels of CD19/CD40 specific for pre-B cells after 10 days culture were demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. The production of immunoglobulin M in the presence of polysaccharide fraction increased progressively in the culture supernatant, and preferentially induced class switching to IgG1, IgG2a and IgG3. These results indicated that Bu -Zhong -Yi-Qi -Tang strong1y correlated with the development of precursor B cells in the bone marrow cell culture. Therefore the polysaccharide fraction of Bu-Zhong-Yi -Qi-Tang might be a useful radioprotector, especially since it is a relatively non-toxic natural product. Further studies are needed to better characterize the protective nature of Bu-Zhong-Yi -Qi -Tang extract.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary quercetin on growth performance, blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin, and blood antioxidant activity in broiler chickens. Three hundred twenty one-day old Ross broilers were divided 8 treatments (C(-), basal diet; C(+), basal diet with antibiotics; vitamin E 20 IU; vitamin E 200 IU; quercetin 20 ppm; quercetin 200 ppm; methoxylated quercetin 20 ppm; methoxylated quercetin 200 ppm) with 4 replicates and 10 birds per replicate. Birds were reared for 35 days and their feed intake and weight gain were measured weekly. At 35d, eight birds of average weight from each replicate were selected for blood collection and analysis. Weight gain of birds in the groups fed quercetin was higher when compare to NC but there was no significant difference. In the serum, creatinine, BUN and AST in quercetin groups significantly decreased compared to those of control (NC and PC) (P<0.05). The contents of IgA and IgM were significantly lower in quercetin groups than those of NC (P<0.05). SOD like activity and MDA content tended to decrease in quercetin groups, however, there was no significant difference among treatments. In conclusion, supplemental quercetin to poultry diet could be positive aspect on performance and blood metabolites. Optimum adding levels was more than 20 ppm.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 2001

Background: An immunological approach for aging mechanism appears to be important. Lymphocyte subsets analysis in peripheral blood is widely performed to assess the immune status and to diagnose and monitor various diseases. Some lymphocyte subsets are known to change with age, but only few data about age-related reference ragnes for these subsets in healthy individuals have been reported. So we attempted to report reference ranges for these subsets in each age group and review changes of the results with age for the secondary studies about immune cell function as lymphocyte blast transformation and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement (VDJ) including recombination activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2). Methods: Lymphocyte subset analysis was performed on 302 subjects, 189 males and 113 females with age group of all decades of life. Two color direct immunofluorescene flow cytometry (FCM) was done using $Simultest^{TM}$ IMK-Lymphocyte kit (Becton Dickinson, USA), $FACScan^{TM}$ (Becton Dickinson, USA) and $FACSCalibur^{TM}$ (Becton Dickinson, USA). Lymphocyte subsets analysed were T ($CD3^+$) and B cells ($CD19^+$), helper/inducer T ($CD4^+$) and suppressor/cytotoxic T cells ($CD8^+$), helper/suppressor ($CD4^+/CD8^+$) ratio and natural killer (NK) cells ($CD3^-CD16^+/CD56^+$). The absolute numbers of each subset were calculated from total lymphocyte counts. Data collected was analysed using SAS 6.12. A P-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: We reported the counts and percentages of lymphocyte and these subsets in each age group. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female subjects. The percentage of $CD4^+$ T cells, and the count of NK cells did not show the significant difference among the various age groups. The age-related changes observed in our study were as following: 1) a decrease in the percentages of T cells, B cells and $CD8^+$ T cells ; 2) a decrease in the counts of B cells and $CD8^+$ T cells ; 3) an increase in the percentage and count of NK cells ; and 4) an increase in the $CD4^+/CD8^+$ ratio. Conclusion: The characteristics of aging process appeared to be showing a marked decrease of lympocyte subsets T and B cells as well as T8 ($CD8^+$). The age-related increase of the percentage of cells bearing NK marker can be interpreted as a compensatory consequence to cope with the decrease of T cells related to the thymic involution. These changes with age appeared to be for the secondary study about immune cell function as lymphocyte blast transformation and immunoglobulin gene rearrangement.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.213-223
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• 2011

This study was conducted to test the efficacy of plum (Prunus mume) and red ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A Meyer) marc as stress inhibitors under heat stress and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in broilers by investigating their effects on blood biochemical parameters, immunoglobulin concentration and splenic cytokine mRNA expressions. A total of one hundred ninety-two 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were divided into 2 stress conditions (heat and LPS) experiments. Each experiment was divided into 4 treatment groups with 8 replicates of 3 birds in each group. NC (negative control, no immune substances), PC (positive control, 25 ppm ${\beta}$-glucan), PM (1% plum marc) and RGM (3% red ginseng marc) treatments were administered with respective substance through water supplementation. During heat stress, The Ca/Mg ratio in PM and RGM was significantly decreased in comparison with that of NC (P<0.05). The immunoglobulin M was significantly lower in PM than in NC (P<0.05). Expression patterns of splenic cytokine mRNAs (IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6) were similar over the treatment. Expression rates of IL-1 and IL-2 in PM were significantly decreased in comparison with NC. Also, expression rates of IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6 were significantly lower in RGM than in NC (P<0.05). In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of plum and red ginseng marc improved coping ability to heat stress by preventing Ca/Mg ratio increment and by inhibiting inflammatory response in broiler chicks. However, it is necessary to determine optimal dietary level of red ginseng marc for improving growth performances in broiler chickens. These results suggest the possibility that plum and red ginseng marc could be used as the stress inhibitor under heat stress and inflammatory response in broiler chicks.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.12
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• pp.1348-1353
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• 2006

Purpose : The reticuloendothelial system is composed of sinusoidal capillaries, through which even large protein molecules are freely movable between plasma and interstitial space, including the lymphatic system. Therefore, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) would cause a redistribution of proteins between two compartments. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured plasma protein and lipid levels in patients with Kawasaki disease before and after high-dose IVIG treatment. Methods : Thirty four children with Kawasaki disease who had complete responses to high-dose IVIG treatment (1 g/kg/day for two consecutive days), were analyzed. Before and after the administration of IVIG, serum analyses were performed for such parameters as total protein, albumin, ${\gamma}$-globulins (IgG, IgM, IgA), ${\alpha}1-$, ${\alpha}2-$, and ${\beta}-$ globulin fractions, and lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride). Results : The levels of ${\gamma}$-globulins including IgG, IgM, IgA were significantly increased, and IgG was increased by $1,779{\pm}304mg/dL$ after two-dose of IVIG infusion. The levels of albumin, ${\alpha}1-$, ${\alpha}2-$, and ${\beta}$ globulin fractions were significantly decreased by 18 percent, 24 percent, 19 percent and 12 percent, respectively. HDL-cholesterol level was significantly decreased by 20 percent, while LDL-cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly increased by 21 percent and 50 percent, respectively. The total cholesterol level was not changed. Conclusion : High-dose IVIG treatment decreased the levels of a variety of proteins except immunoglobulins, and the increase of IgG after IVIG treatment was lower than expected. Our results suggest that a part of infused IVIG and plasma proteins, including etiologic proteins for Kawasaki disease, may be distributed to the extravascular compartments. The rapid improvement of symptoms induced by IVIG in Kawasaki disease might be explained by this mode of action of IVIG.