• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.707-714
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• 2008

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan on growth performance, immunity and endocrine responses of weanling piglets. One hundred and eighty weanling piglets (Landrace$\times$Large White, $7.20{\pm}0.25kg$ BW and $28{\pm}2$ d of age) were randomly fed 1 of 5 treatment diets containing dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplemented at 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg for 4 wks. Each treatment was replicated in 6 pens containing 6 pigs per pen. On d 14 and 28, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed efficiency were recorded as measures of growth performance. Peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) were measured to study the effect of dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation on immune function. Plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin were measured to investigate endocrine response to ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation. Our results suggest that average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency had a quadratic increase trend with dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation from d 14 to 28, whereas it had no significant effect on average daily feed intake (ADFI). The treatment group fed with 50 mg/kg dietary ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation showed a numerical increase in ghrelin, a similar change trend with ADG and no significant effect on GH. Lymphocyte proliferation indices, serum IgG and plasma PGE2 concentrations varied linearly with dietary supplementation levels of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan on d 14. Higher levels of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan may have a transient immuno-enhancing effect on the cellular and humoral immune function of weanling piglets via decreased PGE2. Taking into account both immune response and growth performance, the most suitable dietary supplementation level of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan is 50 mg/kg for weanling piglets.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.377-382
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• 1995

Cryptosporidium muris(strain MCR)를 3주령의 각 마우스에 $2{\;}\times{\;}10^6$개의 오오시스트차 그 10 배 단계 희석계열을 $2{\;}{\times}{\;}10^5$까지 5단계를 만들어 경구접종하여 오오시스트 배설g/100g을 조사하고 나서 초감염내과 마우스에 처음에 50 mg/100g. 그 24시간 후에 12.5 mg/100 g의 carrageenan을 복강내 투여하고 그 6시간 후에 다시 $2{\;}\times{\;}10^6$개의 오오시스트를 2차접종하여 면역원성을 조사하였다 일반적으로 오오시스트 투여량이 많을수록 오오시스트 배설량이 많았으나 prepatent period(9-11일간)와 오오시스트 생산이 피이크에 이르는 기간(16-36일간)은 짧았다. Patent period는 61-64일간이었으며 15-31일간에 걸쳐 오오시스트가 많이 생산되었다. 한편 IgG 항체가의 현저한 상승과 분변내 오오시스트 소멸은 일치하였다 Carrageenan 투여군은 오오시스트 재차접종 후 16 0-18.0(16.6)일부터 61-66.5(64.8)일까지 46.0-51.5(49.0)일간 대조군은 15.5-17.5(16.4)일부터 29.0-31.0(29.8)일까지 12.0-16.0(14.2)일간에 걸쳐 소수의 오오시스트가 검출되었다. 재차접종 직전의 말초혈액내 대식세포수 및 복강내 대식세포 활성은 대조군에 비하여 carrageenan 투여군이 현저하게 낮았다(P < 0.05). 이는 Me blocker인 carrageenan을 투여하였음에도 불구하고 이 원충의 2차감염이 미약하였다는 것은 이 원충의 면역원성이 매우 강력하다는 것을 뜻한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권9호
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• pp.1311-1318
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• 2014

This study was designed to investigate the effects of basal diets supplemented with a clay product consisting of zeolite and attapulgite (ZA) at 1:1 ratio on growth performance, digestibility of feed nutrients, activities of digestive enzymes in small intestine and intestinal health in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 112 one-day-old male chickens were randomly divided into 2 groups with 8 replicates of 7 chickens each. In experiment 2, 84 one-day-old male chickens were randomly allocated into 2 groups consisting 6 replicates of 7 chickens each. The experimental diets both consisted of a maize-soybean basal control diet supplemented with 0% or 2% ZA. The diets were fed from 1 to 42 days of age. The results showed that ZA supplementation could increase body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI), but had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio. The apparent digestibility values of crude protein and gross energy were significantly increased (p<0.05) by ZA from 14 to 16 d and 35 to 37 d. Dietary ZA treatment significantly increased (p<0.05) the activities of amylase, lipase and trypsin in jejunal digesta and the activities of maltase and sucrase in jejunal mucosa on days 21 and 42. The ZA supplementation also significantly increased (p<0.05) the catalase activity, reduced (p<0.05) the malondialdehyde concentration in the jejunal mucosa. In addition, a decrease of serum diamine oxidase activity and an increase (p<0.05) in concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A in jejunal mucosa were observed in birds treated with ZA on 21 and 42 days. It is concluded that ZA supplementation (2%) could partially improve the growth performance by increasing BWG and FI. This improvement was achieved through increasing the secretion of digestive enzymes, enhancing the digestibilites of nutrients, promoting intestinal health of broiler chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2009

Male broiler chicks were fed graded levels of organic zinc (zinc-methionine) supplementation to investigate the effects of partial or complete substitution of the organic zinc source for inorganic ones on the development of lymphoid organs and immunological responses. A total of 450 day-old male broilers were distributed into groups of 10 chicks and randomly assigned to nine experimental diets during a 42-day feeding trial. Dietary treatments consisted of two basal diets supplemented with 40 mg/kg added zinc as feed-grade Zn sulfate or Zn oxide in which, Zn was replaced with that provided from zinc-methionine (ZnMet) complex at the levels of 25, 50, 75 or 100%. Two randomly-selected birds from each pen replicate were bled and then slaughtered by cervical cutting on the final day of the trial to measure leukocyte subpopulations and relative weights of lymphoid organs. Among lymphoid organs, only thymus weight was affected (p<0.05) by dietary treatments. The sulfate-supplemented birds were heavier (p<0.01) in relative weight of thymus than oxide-supplemented birds. The 10 days of age-assessed cutaneous hypersensivity reaction was stronger in chicks fed ZnMet-containing diets. Dietary ZnMet supplementation caused (p<0.05) an increase in proportion of lymphocytes and consequently a decrease in heterophil to lymphocyte ratio. Diet fortification by zinc-methionine complex increased (p<0.01) Newcastle antibody titer at 19 days of age. Also, a similar response was observed in antibody titers at 6 and 12 d after infectious bronchitis vaccine administration. There was no significant effect of replacement of dietary zinc on antibody titer against infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) at the 6th d post-vaccine inoculation; however, at d 12 after vaccination, ZnMet-fortified diets improved antibody titer against IBDV. Although dietary inclusion of ZnMet had no marked effect on primary antibody titer against sheep erythrocytes, effective responses were observed during secondary reaction from the viewpoint of both total antibody and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) titers. From the present findings, it can be concluded that dietary supplementation with organic zinc improves both cellular and humoral immune responses. It is necessary to replace 75% of supplemental inorganic zinc with organic ZnMet complex to achieve the optimum immunological responses in broiler chicks.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.265-269
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• 2011

뽕잎으로부터 분리한 H. pylori 억제물질이 건강기능식품으로 산업화되기 위하여 이들 유용성분이 생체 내에서 약리성을 가지는지 여부를 검토하였다. 청목노상으로부터 분리한 혼합물은 $200{\mu}g/100{\mu}L$의 농도에서 H. pylori에 대한 저해 clear zone을 형성하여 항균활성을 나타내었고, C57BL/6종 mouse에 H. pylori의 감염을 유도 한 결과 6주 이상이 되어야 H. pylori의 감염이 되는 것을 확인하였으며, 이 때 감염균수는 평균 $8{\times}10^5$ CFU/mL이었다. 경구투여를 통해 청목노상뽕잎에서 추출한 유효성분의 혼합물이 H. pylori 감염에 있어 예방 및 치료 효과를 갖는지 시험한 결과, 절개된 위속의 H. pylori colony 수가 약물투여 군에서 대조군에 비해 감소한 것을 확인하였다. 마우스의 혈청을 분리하여 immunoglobulin isotype을 측정한 결과, 대조군 보다 IgG1, IgA 등이 높게 생성되는 것이 확인되었고, 시료 혼합물에 의해 항체생성이 증가되어 H. pylori 감염을 억제하는 것으로 판단되었다. 이러한 결과로 뽕잎에서 추출한 유용성분인 caffeic acid, rosemarinic acid와 chlorogenic acid가 H. pylori의 감염에 있어서 예방 또는 치료효과가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 따라서 H. pylori에 의해 유발되고 감염률이 증가되고 있는 위염, 위궤양, 위암의 예방과 치료가 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제65권3호
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• pp.207-211
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• 2008

저자들은 발열, 기침, 객담을 주소로 입원한 24세 남환의 임상증상, 이학적 검사, 혈청학적 및 면역학적, 유전자 검사상 X연관 무감마글로불린혈증으로 진단된 예를 관찰하였기에 문헌 고찰과 함께 보고 하는 바이다. 반복적인 감염을 보이는 젊은 성인 환자에서 유전자 이상(Btk gene mutation)에 의한 면역결핍질환(X-linked agammaglobulinemia)의 가능성을 꼭 의심해 보아야 한다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.178-183
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• 2015

Purpose: Elderly people are thought to be more susceptible to periodontal disease due to reduced immune function associated with aging. However, little information is available on the nature of immune responses against putative periodontal pathogens in geriatric patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum IgG antibody responses to six periodontal pathogens in geriatric subjects. Methods: The study population consisted of 85 geriatric patients and was divided into three groups: 29 mild (MCP), 27 moderate (MoCP), and 29 severe (SCP) chronic periodontitis patients. Serum levels of IgG antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Prevotella intermedia were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared among the groups. Results: All three groups showed levels of serum IgG in response to P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermedia that were three to four times higher than levels of IgG to T. forsythia, T. denticola, and F. nucleatum. There were no significant differences among all three groups in IgG response to P. gingivalis (P=0.065), T. forsythia (P=0.057), T. denticola (P=0.1), and P. intermedia (P=0.167), although the IgG levels tended to be higher in patients with SCP than in those with MCP or MoCP (with the exception of those for P. intermedia). In contrast, there were significant differences among the groups in IgG levels in response to F. nucleatum (P=0.001) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P=0.003). IgG levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans were higher in patients with MCP than in those with MoCP or SCP. Conclusions: When IgG levels were compared among three periodontal disease groups, only IgG levels to F. nucleatum significantly increased with the severity of disease. On the contrary, IgG levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased significantly in patients with SCP compared to those with MCP. There were no significant differences in the IgG levels for P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and P. intermedia among geriatric patients with chronic periodontitis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.979-986
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. A total of 120 weaning pigs ($28{\pm}3days$ and $8.04{\pm}0.08kg$ of body weight) were allotted to one of five treatments, based on sex and body weight, in 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen by a randomized complete block design. Supplementation level of dried mealworm was 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, or 6.0% in experimental diet as treatment. Two phase feeding programs (phase I from 0 day to 14 day, phase II from 14 day to 35 day) were used in this experiment. All animals were allowed to access diet and water ad libitum. During phase I, increasing level of dried mealworm in diet linearly improved the body weight (p<0.01), average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.01). During phase II, ADG also tended to increase linearly when pigs were fed higher level of dried mealworm (p = 0.08). In addition, increasing level of dried mealworm improved the ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05) and tended to increase gain to feed ratio (p = 0.07) during the whole experimental period. As dried mealworm level was increased, nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter as well as crude protein were linearly increased (p = 0.05). In the results of blood profiles, decrease of blood urea nitrogen (linear, p = 0.05) and increase of insulin-like growth factor (linear, p = 0.03) were observed as dried mealworm was increased in diet during phase II. However, there were no significant differences in immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG concentration by addition of dried mealworm in the growth trial. Consequently, supplementation of dried mealworm up to 6% in weaning pigs' diet improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility without any detrimental effect on immune responses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.505-513
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment investigated the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) alone or mixed with ochratoxin A (OTA) and/or zearalenone (ZEA) on the metabolism, immune function, and antioxidant status of dairy goats. Methods: Fifty lactating Laoshan dairy goats were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups (n = 10) for 14 days. Goats were fed no additive (control) or administered with $50{\mu}g\;AFB1/kg$ dry matter (DM) (AFB1), $50{\mu}g\;AFB1/kg$ $DM+100{\mu}g\;OTA/kg$ DM (AFB1+OTA), $50{\mu}g\;AFB1/kg$ $DM+500{\mu}g\;ZEA/kg$ DM (AFB1+ZEA), or $50{\mu}g\;AFB1/kg$ $DM+100{\mu}g\;OTA/kg$ $DM+500{\mu}g\;ZEA/kg$ DM (AFB1+OTA+ZEA). Results: Dry matter intake and milk production were lower in goats fed AFB1+OTA+ZEA than in controls. Supplementation with AFB1, OTA, and ZEA significantly decreased red blood cell count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean platelet volume, and significantly increased white blood cell count, when compared with the control group. Compared with control, the combination of AFB1, OTA, and ZEA significantly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, total bilirubin (TBIL), interleukin-6, and malondialdehyde (MDA), but significantly reduced immunoglobulin A concentration, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxides (GSH-Px), and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in serum. Administration of AFB1 combined with OTA led to higher ALP, ALT, TBIL, and MDA, as well as lower milk production, SOD and GSH-Px activities, and T-AOC, than administration of AFB1 combined with ZEA. Conclusion: The mixture of AFB1, OTA, and ZEA exerted the greatest adverse effects on dairy goats, meanwhile the deleterious damage of the other mycotoxin combinations were in varying degrees. The findings of this study could provide guidance for the prevention and treatment of the consequences of contamination of animal feeds with combinations of mycotoxin.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.343-348
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 매생이 열수추출물의 항암 및 면역 활성을 알아보기 위하여 적정 추출 및 정제조건, 당 조성, 암세포독성, sarcoma-180 성장저지 효과, 백혈구수 변화, 보체계 활성, 장관 면역 활성, 경구독성 등을 검토하였다. 매생이 보체계 활성물질은 $100^{\circ}C$의 물로 3시간 동안 추출하여 4배량의 주정으로 24시간 침전시킨 다음 투석 및 한외여과하여 분자량 300kDa 이상의 고분자 물질을 분리정제 하였으며 당 조성은 xylose 19.01%, fucose 15.29%, mannose 4.23%, galactose 7.92%로 나타났다. In vitro에서 매생이 보체계 활성물질의 인체 암세포에 대한 독성은 고농도($10-30{\mu}g/ml$)에서만 경미하게 나타났으며, in vivo시험에서는 매생이 추출물의 투여로 마우스 고형암의 성장이 대조군에 비하여 40.13-59.42%가 저해되었다. 그러나 수명 연장율은 실험군간에 통계적 유의차가 없었다. 정제한 매생이 추출물을 마우스의 복강에 투여한 결과, 혈중 백혈구수가 대조군에 비하여 20mg/kg 투여군 39%, 50mg/kg 투여군 70%, 100mg/kg 투여군 83%가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 면역과 관련이 있는 간장, 비장, 흉선의 중량이 증가하였다. 매생이 추출물을 마우스에 경구투여하고 분변으로 배출되는 IgA 항체의 양을 측정한 결과, 대조군이 $2,092{\pm}123.0{\mu}g/mg$인 데에 비하여 매생이 추출물 투여군은 $2,454{\pm}113.8-2,670{\pm}133.1{\mu}g/mg$로 높게 나타났다. 매생이로부터 추출한 면역증강물질은 마우스에 대한 급성독성을 측정한 결과, 체중 1kg당 2,000mg 투여 시 까지도 독성을 나타내지 않아 인체에도 무해할 것으로 사료되었다.