• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.65-71
• /
• 2002

The immunological mechanism of the responses to ultraviolet (UV) B radiation in mouse models were investigated by the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), and susceptibility to infection. However, there are some differences in immune suppression according to the different models as well as the irradiation protocols. Therefore, this review focused on the differences in the suppressive effects on CHS and DTH, and susceptibility to infection in relation to the different in vivo models. Recent advances in cytokine knockout mice experiments have the reexamination of the role of the critical cytokines in UVB-induced immune suppression, which was investigated previously by blocking antibodies. The characteristics of the suppressor cells responsible for UVB-induced tolerance were determined. The subcellular mechanism of UVB-induced immune suppression was also explained by the induction of apoptotic cells through the Fas and Fas-ligand interaction. The phagocytosis of the apoptotic cells is believed to induce the production of the immune suppressive cytokine like interleukin-10 by macrophages. Therefore, the therapeutic UVB response to a skin disease, such as psoriasis, by the depletion of infiltrating T cells could be considered in the extension line of apoptosis and immune suppression.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.3 no.3
• /
• pp.177-181
• /
• 1995

To investigate the possibility of Panax ginseng as a therapeutic agent for the immune suppression, ginseng total saponin (GTS) extracted from korean red ginseng was tested on immune functions from morphine-induced immune suppressed mice. To study how immune functions are affected by morphine and also to test whether GTS can be an useful therapeutic agent for morphine toxicity, several parameters were employed, body weight, immune organ weight, B cell functions, and T cell function. Morphine impaired the development of body weight and immune organ weight such as spleen and thymus. Morphine also depressed a B-cell function, antibody production. T-cell functions studied by type IV hypersensitivity test were most markedly affected by morphine treatment. GTS restored most of morphine-induced immune suppression. GTS restored the morphine-induced decrease in spleen weight to body weight ratio in a dose dependent manner, but not the body weight decrease. Also all of the morphine-induced impairments of B cell functions and cellmediated immunity were fully recovered by GTS. These results suggest that ginseng product could be very helpful for the treatment of immune suppression occurring in morphine abusers.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.408-421
• /
• 2021

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has not only affected human health but also diverted the focus of research and derailed the world economy over the past year. Recently, vaccination against COVID-19 has begun, but further studies on effective therapeutic agents are still needed. The severity of COVID-19 is attributable to several factors such as the dysfunctional host immune response manifested by uncontrolled viral replication, type I interferon suppression, and release of impaired cytokines by the infected resident and recruited cells. Due to the evolving pathophysiology and direct involvement of the host immune system in COVID-19, the use of immune-modulating drugs is still challenging. For the use of immune-modulating drugs in severe COVID-19, it is important to balance the fight between the aggravated immune system and suppression of immune defense against the virus that causes secondary infection. In addition, the interplaying events that occur during virus-host interactions, such as activation of the host immune system, immune evasion mechanism of the virus, and manifestation of different stages of COVID-19, are disjunctive and require thorough streamlining. This review provides an update on the immunotherapeutic interventions implemented to combat COVID-19 along with the understanding of molecular aspects of the immune evasion of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which may provide opportunities to develop more effective and promising therapeutics.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.726-732
• /
• 2021

In this study, we evaluated the immune-enhancing activity of kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 on immune suppression by cyclophosphamide (CP) in ICR mice. Animals were fed distilled water or 1×10⁹ colony-forming unit/kg B.W. 200655 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as a positive control for 14 days. An in vivo model of immunosuppression was induced using CP 150 and 100 mg/kg B.W. at 7 and 10 days, respectively. Body weight, spleen index, spleen weight, and gene expression were measured to estimate the immune-enhancing effects. The dead 200655 (D-200655) group showed an increased spleen weight compared to the sham control (SC) group. Similarly, the spleen index was significantly higher than that in the CP-treated group. The live 200655 (L-200655) group showed an increased mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in splenocytes. Also, the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression was upregulated in the L-200655 group compared to the CP-only (SC) group. The phosphorylation of ERK and MAPK was also upmodulated in the L-200655 group. These results indicate that L. plantarum 200655 ameliorated CP-induced immune suppression, suggesting that L. plantarum 200655 may have the potential to enhance the immune system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.483-489
• /
• 2002

APA-01, which is an aqueous extract of five Chinese herbs, is a modified formula of Huoxiang-Zhengqi-San. The effect of new herb extract on immune response was investigated. The parameter examined to assess apparent immune response of APA-01 in mice included changes of body weight, relative weight of immune organs, cell proliferation and cytokine gene expression. The body weight and relative weight of immune organs were not significantly changed among the tested groups. In the spleen cell prolijeration assay, APA-01 increased the cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression, inhibited the spleen cell proliferation (IC/sub 50/: 800㎍/㎖). However, APA-01 significantly inhibited the suppression of mouse spleen cell proliferation. Therefore, it seems that APA-01 has a reducing effect of immune suppression. Immunomodulatory effect of APA-01 was further investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mouse spleen cells. In RT-PCR test, APA-01 enhanced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. In spite of immune suppression by MTX, COX-2 mRNA was induced by co-treatment with APA-01. These results suggest that APA-01 stimulates the proliferation of spleen cells, regulates the expression of COX-2 mRNA, and accelerates the recovery of inhibition of spleen cell proliferation induced by MTX, thus providing the immunological basis for clinical benefit of APA-01.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2019

Objectives : A traditional herbal prescription, Kyung-Ok-Ko (KOK), has long been used in oriental medicine as an invigorant for age-related diseases, such as amnesia and stroke. However, the beneficial value of KOK for immune responses is largely unknown. Based on the above mentioned effects of KOK, other previous reports, and its use in traditional medicine, we hypothesized that KOK displays beneficial effects against methotrexate (MTX)-induced immune suppression. Methods : We investigated the effects of KOK (0.6 g/kg/day, oral (p.o.)) on deteriorated immunity caused by MTX (2 mg/kg/day, p.o.) in an immune suppression mouse model. MTX was fed to mice once a day for 7 days. After the immune responses of the mice deteriorated by MTX treatment, KOK in water was fed to the mice once a day for 14 days. We then measured the expression levels of various cytokines, such as T helper cell (Th1, Th2) cytokines, and the number of immune cells, such as spleen T cells, B cells, and macrophages. Results : The data showed that MTX decreased Th1 profiles (interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12) and the number of immune cells, and increased Th2 profiles (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), which were normalized significantly by post-administration of KOK. However, there was no significant difference in body-weight gain between MTX- and KOK-treated mice. Conclusion : These results indicate that KOK has immune-enhancing functions and reduces immunotoxicity of MTX, suggesting that supplementation with KOK will improve immune responses clinically and be useful for the prevention of immune-related diseases.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.175-181
• /
• 1986

Four technical grade organophosphate pesticides (Fenitrothion, Fenthion, Dizninon and EPN) were investigated for their effects on the murine immune function. Among the immunotoxicological assay parameters of NIEHS, humoral immune parameter and pathotoxicological indicators were examined in this study. Subchronic exposure of rodents to these pesticides resulted in marked suppression of humoral immune function and moderate histological changes of lymphoid organ any significant alterations of clinical status.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2001.10a
• /
• pp.115.5-115
• /
• 2001

This paper suggests that the immune algorithm can effectively be used in tuning of a multivariable system. Then artificial immune network always has a new paraller decentralized processing mechanism for various situations, since antibodies communication to each other among different species of antibodies/B-cells through the simulation and suppression chains among antibodies that form a large-scaled network. In addition to that, the structure of the network is not fixed, but varies continuously. That is, the artificial immune network flexibly self-organizes according to dynamic changes of external environment (meta-dynamics function). However, up to the present time, models based on the conventional crisp approach ...

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.87 no.1
• /
• pp.22-30
• /
• 2024

Tumor immune evasion is a complex process that involves various mechanisms, such as antigen recognition restriction, immune system suppression, and T cell exhaustion. The tumor microenvironment contains various immune cells involved in immune evasion. Recent studies have demonstrated that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) induce immune evasion in lung cancer by modulating neutrophils and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Here we describe the origin and function of G-CSF and GM-CSF, particularly their role in immune evasion in lung cancer. In addition, their effects on programmed death-ligand 1 expression and clinical implications are discussed.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.4.1-4.17
• /
• 2020

Tregs have a role in immunological tolerance and immune homeostasis by suppressing immune reactions, and its therapeutic potential is critical in autoimmune diseases and cancers. There have been multiple studies conducted on Tregs because of their roles in immune suppression and therapeutic potential. In tumor immunity, Tregs can promote the development and progression of tumors by preventing effective anti-tumor immune responses in tumor-bearing hosts. High infiltration of Tregs into tumor tissue results in poor survival in various types of cancer patients. Identifying factors specifically expressed in Tregs that affect the maintenance of stability and function of Tregs is important for understanding cancer pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets. Thus, manipulation of Tregs is a promising anticancer strategy, but finding markers for Treg-specific depletion and controlling these cells require fine-tuning and further research. Here, we discuss the role of Tregs in cancer and the development of Treg-targeted therapies to promote cancer immunotherapy.