• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.287-297
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• 2003

This intervention study was performed to assess the effect of spirulina on lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in elderly Koreans. The subjects were 6 male and 6 female people between the ages of 60 and 75, who were given spirulina supplements of 7.5 g/day for 24 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical assessment for plasma lipid levels, antioxidant status and immune function were measured before and throughout the intervention period. Before entering the study, the subjects were in relatively good health. Their nutrient intake was satisfactory, and anthropometric indices and plasma nutrient levels were within the normal range. Spirulina supplementation for 24 weeks did not affect dietary intake and anthropometric parameters. However, considerable changes were observed in blood lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and immune indices. The plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total- and LDL-cholesterol decreased from 4 weeks of the supplementation period. The antioxidant capacity improved, as shown in increasing TAS and decreasing TBARS after supplementation. Improved immune function was also observed as the PBL lymphocyte proliferation rate and plasma C3 levels increased. The above effects of spirulina supplementation did not differ between mild hypercholesterolemic (cholesterol $\geq$ 200mg/d1) and normochole-sterolemic (cholesterol < 200 mg/dl) subjects. This study provided evidence that spirulina could be used as dietary supplementation in nutritionally vulnerable groups to improve nutritional and health status and to prevent chronic disease such as hyperlipidemia or oxidation-prone diseases. further studies in this area with various population groups are warranted.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1999

The effects of methidathion on humoral immune response were studied in BALB/c mice. 0.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/day methidathion were administered orally for 14 days. The parameters examined to assess apparent toxicity of methidathion included changes of body weight, relative weight of spleen, thymus, sidney and liver, and viable spllenic cell numbers. To evaluate the humoral immune response, thymus, kidney and liver, and viable splenic cell numbers. To evaluate the humoral immune resopnse, the plaque forming cell(PFC) responses sheep the red blood cells (SRBC) and the lovels of serum IgG to hen egg lysozyme (HEL) were determined. No alterations were observed in changes of body weights, relative organ weights and the numbers of viable splenocytes by exposure to any dose of methidathion. At the dose of 0.5mg/kg only PFC response was decreased, whereas both PFC response and the level of serum IgG were decreased significantly at the dose of 5.0 mg/kg. These results indicate that exposure to methidathion may cause sup[pression of humoral immune reponse in mice without overt changed in lymphoid organ weight or viability of splenocytes.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.343-349
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• 2010

The effects of osmotic stress on the non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, were investigated. Osmoregulatory mechanism of tilapia has been studied, but less information is available about innate immune response of O. niloticus faced with hyperosmolality. Acute osmotic stress was elicited by transferring tilapia from freshwater (FW) to 24 psu seawater (SW). Non-specific immune parameters including lysozyme activities of plasma and head kidney (HK), alternative complement pathway (ACP) activity in plasma, phagocytic capacities of spleen and HK immune cells, and respiratory burst activity of immune cells in both HK and spleen were analyzed. Lysozyme activities were increased at 1 h and 30 h after transfer to SW, but decreased at 10 h after SW transfer. Conversely, ACP activity increased 10 h after SW transfer. Phagocytic capacity increased slightly at 1 h and 5 h after SW transfer, and respiratory burst activity showed an increase in superoxide release at 10 h after SW transfer. Taken together, these results indicate that the exposure of tilapia to hyperosmotic conditions has immunostimulatory effects on cellular and humoral immune reactions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.525-530
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• 2003

This paper focuses on design of nonlinear power plant controller using immune based multiobjective fuzzy approach. The thermal power plant is typically regulated by the fuel flow rate, the spray flow rate, and the gas recirculation flow rate. However, Strictly maintaining the steam temperature can be difficult due to heating value variation to the fuel source, time delay changes in the main steam temperature. the change of the dynamic characteristics in the steam-turbine system. Up to the present time, PID Controller has been used to operate this system. However, it is very difficult to achieve an optimal PID gain with no experience, since the gain of the PID controller has to be manually tuned by trial and error. These parameters tuned by multiobjective based on immune network algorithms could be used for the tuning of nonlinear power plant.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.475-486
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• 2004

The interaction of HIV and human immune system was studied in the perspective of dynamics. We summarized the recent researches on drug scheduling using optimal control theory for HIV treatment. The drug treatment to make immune system to work properly is investigated based on mathematical models including memory CTLp. In the simulation results, it was verified that stopping medication after a certain period of treatment can lead a patient to be cured naturally by one s immune system. Also, we summarized and categorized the advantages and disadvantages of each HIV drug scheduling method. In conclusion, model-based predictive control is more efficient for making decision of drug dose than other methods, when there exist uncertainties on model parameters or state variables.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 1990

Propyl gallate used as an antioxidant was examined for its effects on murine immune system. As immunotoxicology assay parameters, we adopted circulating leukocytes and immunoorgan weights for pathotoxicology, delayed hypersensitivity and colloidal carbon clearance for cell mediated immuntity. Propyl gallate's effects were observed as follows; 1) Propyl gallate decreased circulating leukocyte counts, dose dependently. 2) Propyl gallate decreased delayed hypersensitivity reaction. 3) Phagocytic index were similar in the test and control groups.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.39-63
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• 2019

In this paper, we study the effect of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody immune responses on the virus dynamics with both virus-to-cell and cell-to-cell transmissions. The infection rate is given by Holling type-II. We first show that the model is biologically acceptable by showing that the solutions of the model are nonnegative and bounded. We find the equilibria of the model and investigate their global stability analysis. We derive five threshold parameters which fully determine the existence and stability of the five equilibria of the model. The global stability of all equilibria of the model is proven using Lyapunov method and applying LaSalle's invariance principle. To support our theoretical results we have performed some numerical simulations for the model. The results show the CTL and antibody immune response can control the disease progression.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.155-158
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• 2023

In the present study, we investigated whether treatment with KRG improve the parameters of immune activity such as the cytotoxicity, populations of CD4⁺ CD8⁺T cell, CD3^-CD172^-CD8⁺ NK cell and CD172⁺ monocyte as well as natural cytotoxicity receptors such as Nkp46, Nkp44, Nkp30. In results, KRG significantly increased these immune activities. These results indicate that KRG has distinct immuneenhancing effects by increasing the roles of T cells and NK cell in porcine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.465-479
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• 2020

Objective: This study performed a meta-analysis of published trials to determine the effects of zinc on the immune response and production performance of broilers. Methods: A database was built from published literature regarding the addition of zinc forms or doses and their relation to the immune response and production performance of broilers. Different doses or forms of zinc were identified in the database. The recorded parameters were related to the immune response and production performance. The database contained a total of 323 data points from 41 studies that met the criteria. Then, the data were processed for a meta-analysis using a mixed model methodology. The doses or different forms of zinc were considered fixed effects, different studies were treated as random effects, and p-values were used as the model statistics. Results: An increase in zinc dose increased (p<0.05) pancreas metallothionein (MT) and zinc concentrations in the plasma, tibia and meat, all in quadratic patterns, but linearly decreased (p<0.05) the heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio. Regarding the different zinc forms, both inorganic and organic zinc increased (p<0.05) the zinc concentrations in the plasma and tibia, the calcium and phosphorus contents in the tibia, and the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase in meat as compared to control. An increase in zinc dose increased average daily gain (ADG) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) following a quadratic pattern (p<0.05). Inorganic and organic zinc decreased (p<0.05) FCR and H/L ratio than that of control, but these two forms were similar for these parameters. Conclusion: Zinc addition has a positive impact on immunity and broiler production. Zinc can suppress stress and inhibit the occurrence of lipid peroxidation in broilers, and it can also improve ADG, FCR, and the quality of broiler carcasses.

• Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.144-151
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• 2016

Background: Immunoregulatory elements have emerged as useful immunotherapeutic agents against cancer. In traditional medicine, Mori folium, the leaf of Morus alba L. (Moraceae), has been used for various medicinal purposes; however, the immunomodulatory effects have not been fully identified. We evaluated the immunoenhancing potential of water extract of Mori folium (WEMF) in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Methods: RAW264.7 cells were treated with WEMF for 24 hours and cell viability was detected by an MTT method. Nitric oxide (NO) levels in the culture supernatants were assayed using Griess reagent. The productions of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and immune-related cytokines was measured using ELISA detection kits. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Inducible NO synthase, COX-2, and cytokines were assayed by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The effect of WEMF on phagocytic activity was measured using a Phagocytosis Assay Kit. Results: WEMF significantly stimulated the production of NO and $PGE_2$ as immune response parameters at noncytotoxic concentrations, which was associated with the increased expression of inducible NO synthase and COX-2. The release and expression of cytokines, such as $TNF-{\alpha}$, interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and IL-10, were also significantly increased in response to treatment with WEMF. Moreover, WEMF promoted the macrophagic differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and the resulting phagocytosis activity. Conclusions: WEMF has the potential to modulate the immune function by regulating immunological parameters. Further studies are needed to identify the active compounds and to support the use of WEMF as an immune stimulant.