The Effect of Spirulina on Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Gapacity and Immune Function in Korean Elderlies

스피루리나 복용이 노인의 혈중 지질 농도, 항산화능 및 면역능에 미치는 영향

  • 김화영 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 박지예 (이화여자대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Published : 2003.04.01

Abstract

This intervention study was performed to assess the effect of spirulina on lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in elderly Koreans. The subjects were 6 male and 6 female people between the ages of 60 and 75, who were given spirulina supplements of 7.5 g/day for 24 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric measurements and biochemical assessment for plasma lipid levels, antioxidant status and immune function were measured before and throughout the intervention period. Before entering the study, the subjects were in relatively good health. Their nutrient intake was satisfactory, and anthropometric indices and plasma nutrient levels were within the normal range. Spirulina supplementation for 24 weeks did not affect dietary intake and anthropometric parameters. However, considerable changes were observed in blood lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and immune indices. The plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total- and LDL-cholesterol decreased from 4 weeks of the supplementation period. The antioxidant capacity improved, as shown in increasing TAS and decreasing TBARS after supplementation. Improved immune function was also observed as the PBL lymphocyte proliferation rate and plasma C3 levels increased. The above effects of spirulina supplementation did not differ between mild hypercholesterolemic (cholesterol $\geq$ 200mg/d1) and normochole-sterolemic (cholesterol < 200 mg/dl) subjects. This study provided evidence that spirulina could be used as dietary supplementation in nutritionally vulnerable groups to improve nutritional and health status and to prevent chronic disease such as hyperlipidemia or oxidation-prone diseases. further studies in this area with various population groups are warranted.

Keywords

References

  1. Life Sci v.20;69 no.9 Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with expermental diabetes Rodriguez-Hernandez A;Ble-castillo JL;Juarez-Oropeza MA;Diaz-Zagoya JC
  2. J Ethnopharmacol v.64 no.2 Studies on the preventive effect of spilulina maxima n fatty liver development induced by carbon tetracholoride,in the rat Torres-Duran PV;Miranda-Zamora R;Paredes-Carbajal MC;Masher D;Ble-Castillo J;Diaz-Zagoya JC;Juarez-Oropez MA https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00120-2
  3. J Ethnopharmacology v.62 no.3 Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima Salazar M;Martinez E;Madrigal E;Ruiz LE;Chamorro GA https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00080-4
  4. J of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology v.36 no.2 Effects of spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats Iwata K;Inayama T;Kato T https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.36.165
  5. J Agric Food Chem v.49 no.3 Iron availability from iron-fortified spirulina by an in vitro digestion/Caco-2cell culture model Puyfoulhoux G;Rouanet JM;Besancon P;Baroux B;Baccou JC;Caporiccio B https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001193c
  6. Plant Food Hum Nutr v.41 no.2 Spirulina as a source of vitamin A Annapurma VV;Deosthale YG;Bamji MS https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02194081
  7. Nutr Cancer v.19 no.1 Dietary carotenoids influenced biochemical but not morphological changes in adult male rets fed a choline-deficient diet Jenkins MY;Sheikh NM;Mitchell GV;Grundel E;Blakely SR;Carter CJ https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589309514236
  8. J Nutr v.120 no.10 Effects of graded dietary levels of spirulina maxima on vitamin A and E in male rats Mitchell GV;Grundel E;Jenkins MY;Blakely SR
  9. Indian J Exp v.39 no.1 Effect of lead with vitamin E,C or spirulina on malondialehyde,conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides in rats Upasani CD;Khera A;Balaraman R
  10. J Kagawa Nutr Univ v.26 Bactericidal activity of mouse macrophages stimulated with Spirulina plantensis Hayashi O;Isobe K;Hirahahi T;Katoh T;Okuwaki Y
  11. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol v.18 no.3 Dietary Spirulina plantensis enhanres hamoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens Qureshi MA;Garich JP;Kidd MT
  12. Korean guidelines of hyperlipidemia treatment for prevention of atherosclerosis Korean society of lipidology and therosclerosis
  13. Sin HM. Effects of spirulina and seaweed on growth of lactic acid bacteria. Korea Univ, 1980
  14. Ahn JH, Kim SS, Kim TH, Lee JH, Ohh SJ, Lee JH, Lee HY. The treatment of swine wastes and simultaneous productions of biomass by the growth of spirulina platensis. Kor J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 24: 519-524, 1999
  15. Nakaya N, Homma Y, Goto Y. Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina. Nutr Rep Int 37: 1329-1337, 1988
  16. Becker EW, Jakober R, Lufr D, Schmulling RM. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of the alga Spirulina with regard to its application in the treatment of obesity. a couble-blind corss-over study. Nutr Rep Int 33: 565-572, 1986
  17. The Korean nutrition society. Nutritional assessment program, 'Can-pro 1.0',1997
  18. Fiedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredireck DS. Estimation of the concentration of low density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499-502, 1972
  19. Yagi K. Assay for blood plasma or serum. Methods in Enzymology Academic Press Inc NY 105: 328-331, 1984 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(84)05042-4
  20. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65: 55-63, 1983 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
  21. The Korean nutrition society. Recommended dietary allowances for Koreans. 7th, 2000
  22. Ministry of health and welfare. Report on 1998 national health and nutrition survey. Seoul, 1999
  23. Choi JH, Kim MH, Cho MS, Lee HS, Kim WY. The nutritional status and dietary pattern by BMI in Korean elderly. The Korean Nutrition Society 35(4):480-488, 2002
  24. Marine Sci v.6 Study on effect and mechanism of polysaxxharides on spirulina plantensison body immune funtions improvement Liu L;Guo B;Ruan J;Dai X;Chen L;Wu B
  25. Gonzalez de Rivera C. Miranda-Zamora R. Diaz-Zagoya JC. Juarez-Oropeza MA. Preventive effect of spirulina maxima on the fatty liver induced by a fructose-rich diet in the rat, a preliminary report. Life Sci 53(1): 57-61, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3205(93)90611-6
  26. Rodriguez-Hemandez A, Ble-castillo JL, Juarez-Oropeza MA, Diaz-Zagoya JC. Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with expermental diabetes. Life Sci 20:69(9):1029-1037, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-3205(01)01185-7
  27. Torres-Duran PV, Miranda-Zamora R, Paredes-Carbajal MC, Masher D, Ble-Castillo J, Diaz-Zagoya JC, Juarez-Oropez MA. Studies on the preventive effect of spilulina maxima on fatty liver development induced by carbon tetracholoride, in the rat. J Ethnopharmacol 64(2): 141-147, 1999 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00120-2
  28. Salazar M. Martinez E. Madrigal E. Ruiz LE. Chamorro GA. Subchronic toxicity study in mice fed Spirulina maxima. J Ethnopharmacology 62(3): 235-241, 1998 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00080-4
  29. Iwata K. Inayama T. Kato T. Effects of spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats. J of Nutritional Science & Vitaminology 36(2): 165-171, 1990 https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.36.165
  30. Puyfoulhoux G, Rouanet JM, Besancon P, Baroux B, Baccou JC, Caporiccio B. Iron availability from iron-fortified spirulina by an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. J Agric Food Chem 49(3): 1625-1629, 2001 https://doi.org/10.1021/jf001193c
  31. Annapurna VV, Deosthale YG, Bamji MS, Spirulina as a source of vitamin A. Plant Food Hum Nutr 41(2): 125-134, 1991 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02194081
  32. Jenkins MY, Sheikh NM, Mitchell GV, Grundel E, Blakely SR, Carter CJ. Dietary carotenoids influenced biochemical but not morphological changes in adult male rets fed a choline-deficient diet. Nutr Cancer 19(1): 55-65, 1993 https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589309514236
  33. Mitchell GV, Grundel E, Jenkins MY, Blakely SR. Effects of graded dietary levels of spirulina maxima on vitamin A and E in male rats. J Nutr 120(1O): 1235-1240, 1990
  34. Upasani CD, Khera A, Balaraman R. Effect of lead with vitamin E, C or spirulina on malondialehyde, conjugated dienes and hydroperoxides in rats. Indian J Exp 39(1):70-74, 2001
  35. Hayashi O, Isobe K, Hirahashi T, Katoh T, Okuwaki Y. Bactericidal activity of mouse macrophages stimulated with Spirulina plantensis. J Kagawa Nutr Univ 26: 71-77, 1995
  36. Qureshi MA, Garich JP, Kidd MT. Dietary Spirulina plantensis enhanres hamoral and cell-mediated immune functions in chickens. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 18(3):405-476, 1996 https://doi.org/10.3109/08923979609052748
  37. Liu L, Guo B, Ruan J, Dai X, Chen L, Wu B. Study on effect and mechanism of polysaccharides on spirulina plantensison body immune functions improvement. Marine Sci 6: 44-49, 1991
  38. Korean guidelines of hyperlipidemia treatment for prevention of atherosclerosis. Korean society of lipidology and therosclerosis, 2002