• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.622-624
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• 2009

Psoroptic mites can cause severe pruritic otitis externa with crusts in rabbits. In this case report, three rabbits with a psoroptic mite infestation were treated with a formulation containing 10% imidacloprid and 50% permethrin at a dose of 0.4 ml regardless of body weight. One week after treatment, the rabbits showed mild pruritus with no crusts, mites or eggs. Four weeks after treatment, there were no clinical signs, mites or eggs observed in the rabbits. The rabbits were treated successfully with this combination without adverse reactions for 8 weeks after treatment. This case report suggests that a single topical application of a combination of imidacloprid and permethrin may be an effective and practical treatment for psoroptic mite infestations in pet rabbits.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.312-314
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• 2007

Cheyletiellosis is a very common infestation in pet rabbits that causes dermatosis with pruritus and scale. In this study, thirty two rabbits with cheyletiellosis were treated with a single dermal application of a formulation containing imidacloprid 10% (w/v) and moxidectin 1% (w/v) at a dose 0.4 ml. The therapeutic effects of the formulation were 100% at 4, 8 and 12 weeks without adverse reactions. This suggests that a formulation containing imidacloprid and moxidectin is an effective treatment for cheyletiellosis in rabbits.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.60-67
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• 1999

Insecticidal activities of imidacloprid to sucking type insect pests, brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) and peen peach aphid (GPA Myzus persicae), to chewing type insect pests, tobacco cut worm (TCW; Spodoptera litura) and beet armyworm (BAW, Spodoptera exigua) and to spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, Pachygnata clercki and Ummeliata insecticeps, as natural enemies were investigated by several bioassay methods. $LD_{50}$ of the chemical by topical treatment to BPH was 0.015 ${\mu}g/g$(48 hrs), while $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping and root zone treatment were 18.1 and 21.5 ppm, respectively. There was no difference in insecticidal activities between leaf dipping and root zone treatment. Imidacloprid also showed ovicidal effect of root zone treatment and its $LC_{50}$ was 6.8ppm $LD_{50}$ (48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to GPA was $0.4{\mu}g/g$ in case of topical application and $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping and root zone treatment were 1.9 ppm and 13.7 ppm respectively. Leaf dipping was more effective than root zone treatment in GPA At topical application $LD_{50}$ (48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to chewing type insect pests, TCW and BAW, were greater than 1,492 and $312{\mu}g/g$ and $LC_{50}s$ by leaf dipping method were 4,803 and Heater than 5,000ppm respectively. This means that imidacloprid has much less effect on chewing type insect pests, TCW and BAW. $LD_{50}$(48 hrs after treatment) of imidacloprid to wandering spiders, Pirata subpiraticus, Pachygnata clercki at topical application were greater dan $2941{\mu}g/g$ and greater than $2,976{\mu}g/g$ respectively and that to webbing spider, Ummeliata insecticeps, was 357 ${\mu}g/g$. Imidacloprid showed very low toxicity to the spiders and its selective toxicity ratios between spiders and BPH were greater than 19,600, greater than 19,800 and 23,800, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.58-63
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• 2006

In order to elucidate the adsorption and leaching characteristics of the insecticide imidacloprid in two types of paddy soils near Suwon, this experiment was carried out with $[^{14}C]$imidacloprid as a radiotracer. In an adsorption study conducted using $[^{14}C]$imidacloprid in 2 test soils, the adsorption coefficient was higher in soil A $(K_f\;2.6)$ than that in soil B $(K_f\;1.7)$. As calculated from Freundlich constant, distribution coefficients and half lives in soils, GUS indices showed low leachabilities of imidacloprid treated on the paddy soils into the groundwater. The amount of imidacloprid leached from the soil columns during the 4 weeks of leaching was less than 2% of the originally treated $^{14}C$. In the leaching test the amounts of $^{14}C$ activities distributed in the soil layer of 0-10 cm were more than 80% of the originally tented $^{14}C$ and those in rice plants were less than 3% of the originally treated $^{14}C$, suggesting that imidacloprid has very low teachability and bioavailability.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.11
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• pp.1617-1626
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• 2013

The Bacterial community structure and its complexity of the enrichment culture during the isolation and screening of imidacloprid-degrading strain were studied using denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis analysis. The dominant bacteria in the original tea rhizosphere soil were uncultured bacteria, Rhizobium sp., Sinorhizobium, Ochrobactrum sp., Alcaligenes, Bacillus sp., Bacterium, Klebsiella sp., and Ensifer adhaerens. The bacterial community structure was altered extensively and its complexity reduced during the enrichment process, and four culturable bacteria, Ochrobactrum sp., Rhizobium sp., Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and Alcaligenes faecalis, remained in the final enrichment. Only one indigenous strain, BCL-1, with imidacloprid-degrading potential, was isolated from the sixth enrichment culture. This isolate was a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium and identified as the genus Ochrobactrum based on its morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties and its 16S rRNA gene sequence. The degradation test showed that approximately 67.67% of the imidacloprid (50 mg/l) was degraded within 48 h by strain BCL-1. The optimum conditions for degradation were a pH of 8 and $30^{\circ}C$. The simulation of imidacloprid bioremediation by strain BCL-1 in soil demonstrated that the best performance in situ (tea soil) resulted in the degradation of 92.44% of the imidacloprid (100 mg/g) within 20 days, which was better than those observed in the ex situ simulations that were 64.66% (cabbage soil), 41.15% (potato soil), and 54.15% (tomato soil).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.264-270
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• 2013

Imidacloprid is a systemic insecticide which act as an insect neurotoxin. It used for control of pest such as aphids and other sucking insects in fruits and vegetables. Systemic pesticides move inside a crop following absorption by the plant, and these were converted into a variety of metabolites. Sometimes these metabolites make a problem about safety of agricultural products. So a simultaneous determination method of pesticide and its metabolites is needed, to monitor their presence in agricultural product and study on the fate of pesticide in a plant. This study's aim is to investigate simultaneous analysis method of imidacloprid and its metabolites, imidacloprid guanidine, imidacloprid olefin, imidacloprid urea, and 6-chloronicotinic acid in red pepper using QuEChERS method and LC-MS/MS systems. QuEChERS method was modifed beacuase $MgSO_4$ salts decreased the recoveries of 6-chloronicotinic acid in extraction procedure. Imidacloprid and its metabolites were extracted by acetonitrile with 1% glacial acetic acid and the extracts were purified through QuEChERS with primary secondary amine (PSA) and $C_{18}$ and analyzed with LC-MS/MS in ESI positive mode. Standard calibration curves were made by matrix matched standards and their correlation coefficients were higher than 0.999. Recovery studies were carried out on spiked pepper blank sample at four concentration levels (0.01, 0.04 and 0.1, 0.4 mg/kg). The average recoveries of imidacloprid and its metabolites were in the range of 70~120% with < 20% RSD. This result indicated that the method using QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS was suitable for the simultaneous determination of imidacloprid and its metabolites in red pepper.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-321
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• 2012

Fate of acetamiprid and imidacloprid aerially sprayed to control pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) were studied in a forest of Haman area. Acetamiprid 20% SL or imidacloprid 20% DC were diluted 100 times and applied two times as rate of 50 L/ha using an aircraft of Bell 206 L helicopter. Average acetamiprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 2 to 4% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, acetamiprid deposits in the pine needle ranged 1.8~8.5 mg/kg and then gradually decreased to 1.2~2.1 mg/kg after 48 days. Deposits on the plant washed off by rainfall and reached to soil surface was ca. 17% of the application rate. All of acetamiprid on the ground resided in the forest floor covering the soil surface, where acetamiprid residues were decreased to a quarter at 48 days after the second application, but they were not detected in soil beneath it. And the only low level of acetamiprid residues, 0.0003 mg/L, was detected in the reservoir nearby the experimental forest on the day of aerial application. The acetamiprid detection was presumably due to spray drift. And average imidacloprid deposits on forest floor ranged from 1 to 3% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, imidacloprid deposits in the pine needle analysed very low concentration of 0.1 mg/kg, but the amount of imidacloprid in wash-off in standard and two-fold treatment were ca. 8% and 4% of the application rate, respectively. Most of imidacloprid on the ground also resided in the forest floor, where imidacloprid residues were decreased to a twentieth at 111 days after the second application, and they were detected below 0.5% of the application rate in sol beneath it. And the low level of imidacloprid, 0.0003~0.0017 mg/L, were detected in the streams in the experimental forest. It was not to the level of contamination concerns.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.30 no.2 s.109
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• pp.114-120
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• 2005

In this study, a biological reaction and measurement control system was developed to rapidly measure the insecticide imidacloprid residues in agricultural products. The biological reaction part of the system was designed to include micro-pumps and valves for fluid transport, and a polystyrene covet as a reaction chamber. The measurement control part of the system consisted of a photodiode with a light-emitting diode for optical density measurement, and a control microcomputer to implement assay. Signal output was read as the rate of change in optical density at 645 nm. The sensitivity of the system was 2.2 ng/mL ($IC_50$). The system could execute a measurement cycle in about 19 minutes. Research will be continued to develop an automatic sampler fur imidacloprid residues from agricultural products.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.505-510
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• 2003

In Korea, due to its broad efficacy as a systemic insecticide, imidacloprid has been widely used in rice paddies to control sucking insects, soil insects, and some chewing insects and in apple orchards to control various insects pests. To quantify the imidacloprid residue concentrations, samples are assayed in vitro using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA). These assays generally require several hours to perform. As a biosensor, a competitive imidacloprid ELISA was modified to measure insecticide concentrations. It was found that a total assay time of 15 min(10-min antibody-antigen binding, and 5-min substrate development) is sufficient for monitoring imidacloprid concentrations. Further work is needed to improve the sensitivity of the measurement protocol.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.32 no.2 s.121
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• pp.121-129
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• 2007

This study was conducted to elucidate extraction efficiency by microwave technique in comparison with sonication technique for extraction of insecticide residue in pear. In the analysis of the extraction efficiency of microwave for a pear spiked with imidacloprid, the extraction efficiency by microwave power of 300 W with extraction temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, heating time of 1 to 3 minute was shown to be similar with the extraction time 20 minutes by sonication. The optimal condition. in consideration of economical condition and treatment time, for microwave extraction of imidacloprid in the pear were 300 watts of power supply, $100^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature, 1 minute of heating time and 10 mL of acetone volume. A new microwave vessel was developed to rapidly process the sample of the insecticide imidacloprid residues in the pear. This vessel was designed to include a reaction chamber and a filtration equipment, and a gathering chamber. The system could curtail a pretreatment time to 21 minutes than sonication and 7.9 minutes than the previous microwave vessel.